Why School Should Be Mandatory From The Age Of Six

The point of each country, is that graduated understudies ought to have the capacity to secure information about perusing, composing and computing as well as about the political present and in addition the historical backdrop of the world. Besides they ought to find out about sciences like material science, science, science and furthermore about imaginative subjects, for example, music and expressions. Each nation has its own specific manner to accomplish this objective. In Germany school is mandatory from the age of six, beginning with the Grundschule, till the age of 16 when understudies complete the ninth grade. The general instruction however begins prior with Kindergarten which is not compulsory. The parents need to pay for it and can†¦show more content†¦Given that schools in Germany are obligatory for a long time, the understudy can complete his auxiliary instruction with the ninth grade in the Hauptschule, however ought to select to a professional school joined with an apprenticeship. The Realschule comprises of Grade 5 to 10 and prompts to a higher professional school. At the point when the understudy got adequate evaluations, there is additionally the likelihood to complete the tenth grade and change to a Gymnasium to get the Abitur. The Gymnasium comprises of Grade 5 to 12 or 13, contingent upon which state you go to class. It prompts to the Abitur and readies the understudies for college. The training contains at least two dialec ts, traditional or present day, arithmetic, normal sciences, and general learning about history and legislative issues. The last a few years depending in which state you go to class are the Oberstufe, where understudies of the Realschule come in the event that they need to do the Abitur. The Gesamtschule is a thorough school and must be found in a few states, yet it got better known throughout the most recent years. It replaces the Real-and Hauptschule and educates the Students on each capacity levels through to tenth grade when they complete with the Mittlere Reife, the level of a Realschule. However, American elementary school lasts six years. The children usually have one class teacher that teaches all subjects except forShow MoreRelatedMandatory Classes in Public Schools803 Words   |  3 Pagesinformation from school in the real world? When will I ever use cursive again? Why do I have to memorize the entire periodic table? Why must I memorize the years served by every single p resident? These questions may sound redundant and obnoxious, but they occur on an everyday basis at school. There is also some truth behind it as well. The public school systems are having students decide their career pathways earlier and earlier every year. I recall taking career finder tests in middle school, at theRead MoreShould Gym Class Be Mandatory For All Grades?1485 Words   |  6 PagesShould Gym Class Be Mandatory For All Grades? Physical education is good for students physically, mentally and socially. Taking proper care of their body can and will result in an unhealthy life and life style that could follow them for the rest of their lives. Schools all across the nation are full of obesity children. One of the problems is obesity, which is a growing epidemic in the United States, and it is said that seventy eight percent of Americans are not reaching basic activity level approvalsRead MorePreventing Cervical Cancer with the HPV Vaccination652 Words   |  3 Pagescommon used method for preventing cervical cancer in young girls ranging from age nine to eleven years old. The overall perception of the vaccine is positive by the public because of its wide use and support by state laws, school systems and medical associations. According to the American Pediatric Association the vaccine has an excellent safety record. (Nirvi,1) A reasonable amount of parents still feel skeptical about mandatory HPV vaccination o n their kids and lack great knowledge regarding the vaccine’sRead MoreThe Significance Of Sex Education982 Words   |  4 Pageslittle you know. Sex education should be a mandatory part of the California public school curriculum because it helps teenagers to understand the impact of sexual activity in their daily lives. Sex is a healthy and natural activity in human life, learning about it can help teenagers life easier. To prevent diseases and pregnancy, teenager should definitely participate to learn about it. According to Hannah Fogg â€Å"Sex education is primarily taught to prevent students from future encounters with sexuallyRead MorePros and Cons to Vaccination in Children1750 Words   |  7 Pagesas parents question whether it should be mandatory or optional when they feel the cons outweigh the pros. The government says it is the right thing to do for parents and their families to remain safe from illnesses and diseases. However, there have been opinions of opposition voiced by parents and health advocates about whether or not it is worth the risk of being sick once vaccinated and whether these vaccinations actually work.  The argument on both sides range from First Amendment right issues allRead MoreEssay about Beauty Pageant Problems967 Words   |  4 Pagesto participate in. It is m andatory for them to have fake tans, fake eye lashes, fake teeth, and a ridiculous amount of make-up. Not to mention the unsuitable outfits these girls’ parents vow that they wear. Beauty pageants exploit little girls and attract sexual predators. Beauty pageants, such as, Toddlers Tiaras have ludicrous rules that the little girls must follow to even be considered the level of an Ultimate Grand Supreme. In the â€Å"Pro Am Pageants†, it is mandatory for the child to have aRead MoreEssay about Hirschi’s Social Bonding Theory 1195 Words   |  5 PagesIn criminology, researchers have constantly tried to explain why people commit crime and engage in juvenile delinquency. Many theories have emerged for over a century about why people commit these deviant behaviors. Macro-level theories focus on social structures and the effects of those structures on the human behavior. Basically, macro-level theories explains aggregate crime. Micro-level theories focuses on individuals and their interactions with various groups of people. For example, the relationshipRead MoreVaccinations Should Be Mandatory?1739 Words   |  7 PagesChildren Need Vaccinated Throughout the world, approximately three million people die from vaccine-preventable diseases each year; half of the people who die are children who are less than five years of age (Offit, 2014). When a person dies from a disease that has an available vaccine, that death could have been prevented. Parents do not vaccinate their children for an abundance of reasons. Although they feel that they are protecting their children, they are actually exposing them to countless life-threateningRead MoreSchool Uniforms Should Not Get Them Bullied, It Depends On The Bully870 Words   |  4 Pagesuniforms mandatory in efforts to decrease bullying, only teaches our children that the only way to be accepted is by conforming which is not what we should be pushing for. It’s important to attack the problem by the root. A lot of times the bully may be going through something in their life outside of school which is why they’re lashing out at others. If all the school systems do to fix bullying is make their students wear uniforms, then what will they do once the cliques start to form. At this age, theRead MoreShould Hpv Vaccines Be Mandatory?1513 Words   |  7 PagesJosie Caskey Honors Rhetoric Dr. Margaret Murray 20 April 2015 Should HPV Vaccines Be Mandatory? The debate over the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines represents two very controversial topics in healthcare in America, mandatory vaccination and teenage sexuality. Currently the two approved vaccines, Gardasil and Ceravix, are designed to protect against the sexually transmitted virus HPV. Because these vaccines have their greatest benefit when given before a person becomes sexually active, the

Residential Schools in Canada - 1239 Words

From the late 1800s to the 1980s, more than 100,000 First Nations children in Canada attended residential schools To attend these schools, children were taken away from their families and communities. At the schools, the children suffered from emotional, physical, sexual and spiritual abuse. The worst abuses were often used as punishment for speaking their indigenous languages. The imposition of residential schools on First Nations children has led to significant loss of indigenous languages, and this language loss has led to further cultural losses for traditional First Nations cultures in Canada. One far-reaching result of the residential school system is the loss of indigenous languages in Canada. A major cause of this loss was the†¦show more content†¦Therefore, the loss of language led to the loss of traditional spiritual beliefs and connection to nature. In short, interpersonal relationships and traditional belief systems were both sacrificed when residential schools contributed to the decline of First Nations children’s indigenous language abilities. The effects of these losses continue to this day despite attempts to reverse the damage. On June 11, 2008, Canadian Prime Minister Steven Harper offered an official apology on behalf of the Canadian government to survivors of residential schools for the treatment they had received there. Following this apology, Beverly Jacobs, President of the Native Women’s Association of Canada, noted that aboriginal people need more than an apology; they need a government commitment to dealing with the negative impacts of the schools in areas such as â€Å"language, culture, . . . tradition, and spirituality†. The effects of the residential schools on First Nations’ language and culture will never be undone; all Canadians can do now is support efforts by aboriginal people to preserve and revitalize those linguistic and cultural traditions that have not been lost. References Blair, H., Rice, S., Wood, V. amp; Janvier, J. (2002). Daghida: Cold Lake first nation works towards Dene language revitalization. In B. Burnaby and J. Reyner (Eds.), Indigenous languages acrossShow MoreRelatedResidential Schools in Canada Essay1065 Words   |  5 PagesSociology Dr.C.Barry McClinchey Residential Schools in Canada Before the nineteenth century, the Aboriginal people had their own way of teaching the children in their community, through organic education. In addition to providing knowledge and skills, organic education kept their culture alive (Ravelli amp; Webber, 2013: pg. 237). This is because the Aboriginal children would also be taught about their culture and its customs. But the Europeans thought, â€Å"Canada’s First Nation peoples were inRead MoreThe Residential School System Within Canada1648 Words   |  7 PagesThe residential school system in Canada was active for over a century, with the last one closing in 1996 (Troniak, 2011), yet many Canadians still remain unaware of this terrible part in our nation s history. Throughout the time that these schools remained open, over 150,000 First Nations, Inuit, and Mà ©tis children passed through more than 130 residential schools in virtually every part of Canada and it is estimated that more than half of them are survivors (Tron iak, 2011). So if such a largeRead More The Examination of the Residential School System in Canada Essay932 Words   |  4 Pagesmissionaries established a form of formal education for Aboriginal children, which was to be governed at residential schools. However, this tradition did not last long due to rising conflicts. European missionaries believed Aboriginal children were in need of assistance to become more civilized, and wanted them to be integrated into their European culture (Ravelli Webber, 2010). Once sent to residential schools, the children were prevented from seeing and speaking to their families, aside from very shortRead MoreCanada s Residential Schools On Aboriginal Children878 Words   |  4 Pagesattend Canada’s Indian Residential Schools until 1970s (CBC News, 2010, p 49). The most goals for those schools learned aboriginal children the culture of European people (CBC News, 2010, p 49). Unfortunately, aboriginal parents have not choice even if they want to send their children to schools or not (CBC News, 2010, p 49). According to CBC News if aboriginal children tried to breakout from schools and coming again to their families, they will send back to their schools by Indian agents (2010Read MoreThe Impacts of the Residential School System on the Aboriginal People of Canada 1017 Words   |  4 Pagessingle Indian in Canada that has not been absorbed into the body politic and there is no Indian question’ (Scott in Grant, 1996: 273). Canada is a vast territory widely recognised for the cultural and geographical diversity in nature. This alone poses a distinct challenge to understanding a unified conception of Aboriginal Geographies of Canada - particularly for understanding the Geographies of The Canadian Residential Schools System (RSS). The Canadian Residential School System was an earlyRead MoreHow did the residential school affect Canada’s First Nations people?1535 Words   |  7 Pagesthe residential school affect Canada’s First Nations people? In Canadian history, there are a lot of interesting events happened in the past. Some of them are events that are proudly presented such as Battle of Vimy Ridge, Canadian peace keeper and others. On the other hand, there are also a lot of tragedy events that happened in the past. Indian Act is one of an important act which occurred in 1876 and it led to establishment of  Indian residential school, and the Indian residential school is aRead MoreDevelopment Of The Residential School System1740 Words   |  7 Pages: A quote from Aggie George recalling of her experience in the Lejac Indian Residential School (Legacy of Hope Foundation, 2001). In the 1880s all the way to the 1990’s roughly 150,000 aboriginal children where removed from their communities and homes to attend the residential school system set up by the government and operated by the Christian churches (Government of Canada, 2015). The purpose of these residential schools was to isolate Aboriginal children from the ir families and assimilate themRead MoreCanada As A Very Innocent Country1455 Words   |  6 PagesPeople often view Canada as a very innocent country. Despite Canada currently being such a friendly country, it is impossible to deny some of the atrocious actions that Canadians have done in the past. A less known example would be the discrimination against the Japanese since their immigration to Canada in the late 19th century. This discrimination reached its peak during World War II; using the war as an excuse, Canadians forced people of Japanese decent out of their homes, and they forced themRead MoreAboriginal Population With Federal Assistance Via Small Per Student Grants1435 Words   |  6 Pagessmall mission schools for the Aboriginal population with federal assistance via small per-student grants. The federal government took a much larger role in residential schooling in the 1880s as a facet of a larger set of polices that operated to govern and control Aboriginal people, ba n cultural practices, and achieve â€Å"their emancipation from tribal government, and for their final absorption into the general community† (as cited in The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, 2015b, p. 27)Read MoreThe Truth And Reconciliation Commission ( Trc )1536 Words   |  7 Pageswere forcibly removed from their communities, and sent to Indian residential schools. Generation after generation of indigenous children were denied the right to speak their own language, explore spirituality and to learn about their rich cultural history. These schools were designed to assimilate indigenous children into the society of the European settlers. It was under that system that Aboriginal children were required to attend schools that would ‘take the Indian out of the child,’ in hopes to solve

Characters and settings Essay Example For Students

Characters and settings Essay Examine the settings and characters that the writers have chosen for their stories in The Speckled Band, The Man with the Twisted Lip, and The Red Room. Consider the effects that each writer has created, and how they contribute to the atmosphere. We read three short mystery stories, which all tried to keep the reader interested by building up the suspense. Each story had its own way of keeping you gripped until the end. The Speckled Band keeps the reader interested by a murder being committed, and the reader doesnt know who did it. As usual Sherlock Holmes investigates, and as always discovers who the murderer was. The ending to The Speckled Band was a solution as Sherlock Holmes revealed who the murderer was, and how he killed Miss Stoner. The Man with the Twisted Lip has an unusual twist to the story. Sherlock Holmes begins to investigate what he thinks is a murder inquiry, but finds no body. Later on in the story he realises that in fact there was no murder, but the person who went missing wasnt actually missing, just in disguise. This story ending was also a solution (even though there hadnt actually been a murder) as Sherlock Holmes solved the investigation. The Red Room keeps the reader gripped to the story, as H. G Wells actually tells the story from two points. One point could be that the visitor is experiencing problems with ghosts, but the other point could be that the visitors mind is just playing games with his imagination. I think that what this author has done is very good, as it makes you want to read on to find out if there are actually ghosts in The Red Room, or if it was just his imagination. All in all I think that this story didnt have a solution, but ended in a cliffhanger, as you still dont know what actually went on in The Red Room. London in 1886 was an awful dark place to live in. There was a lot of crime, including drugs, murder, attacks and prostitution. The Victorians feared crime a lot. Poverty was also an issue and people lived in dirty cramped conditions. Public hangings were also very common. Jack the Ripper was someone who went round killing and attacking woman in the streets. He murdered lots of prostitutes and sent body parts of victims to the police to show off his crimes. The police couldnt catch him, which led to many Victorians disliking the police, as they didnt protect the community/public. When Arthur Conan Doyle, Sherlock Holmes first started writing and selling his stories in 1887, Victorians loved him as he always solved the cases and always caught the evil people. When Arthur Conan Doyle tried to kill of his character in 1883, the public werent happy and sent Arthur Conan Doyle death threats telling Arthur Conan Doyle to keep his character alive. Sherlock Holmes still remains very famous and has even had websites dedicated to him. Suspense is built up in the story by using a variety of language types such as; similes, nouns, adjectives, onomatopoeia and also by a personification. Arthur Conan Doyle uses a list of strong, vivid verbs. The list of verbs makes the sentence seem consistent and continuous, howling, beating, and splashing. The howling wind is a use of personification, and this gives us the effect that something unpleasant is going to happen. Arthur Conan Doyle using the verb splashing, which describes the rain. The word splashing is onomatopoeia, as he is appealing to our senses. In the next sentence Arthur Conan Doyle uses a line of nouns and adjectives, which draws suspense to the story. It does this because he makes everything seem worse and more realistic than it actually is. He quotes, there burst forth the wild scream of a terrified woman. Arthur Conan Doyle puts in the adjectives to describe the scream of the woman. He says the wild scream of a terrified woman. By putting these adjectives in, it creates more suspense and meaning to the story, because everything he writes is very dramatic! .ucbe47f7cc9f2c3401787c9a17ebe7607 , .ucbe47f7cc9f2c3401787c9a17ebe7607 .postImageUrl , .ucbe47f7cc9f2c3401787c9a17ebe7607 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucbe47f7cc9f2c3401787c9a17ebe7607 , .ucbe47f7cc9f2c3401787c9a17ebe7607:hover , .ucbe47f7cc9f2c3401787c9a17ebe7607:visited , .ucbe47f7cc9f2c3401787c9a17ebe7607:active { border:0!important; } .ucbe47f7cc9f2c3401787c9a17ebe7607 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucbe47f7cc9f2c3401787c9a17ebe7607 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucbe47f7cc9f2c3401787c9a17ebe7607:active , .ucbe47f7cc9f2c3401787c9a17ebe7607:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucbe47f7cc9f2c3401787c9a17ebe7607 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucbe47f7cc9f2c3401787c9a17ebe7607 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucbe47f7cc9f2c3401787c9a17ebe7607 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucbe47f7cc9f2c3401787c9a17ebe7607 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucbe47f7cc9f2c3401787c9a17ebe7607:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucbe47f7cc9f2c3401787c9a17ebe7607 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucbe47f7cc9f2c3401787c9a17ebe7607 .ucbe47f7cc9f2c3401787c9a17ebe7607-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucbe47f7cc9f2c3401787c9a17ebe7607:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: An Inspector Calls Theme Essay QuestionsArthur Conan Doyle also increases the drama and suspense where he writes horror stricken, which suggests somebody who is scared and unable to move. The Arthur Conan Doyle writes a line full of dramatic verbs and adverbs, which are about Helens sister and draw attention to her and her pains, and therefore adds even more suspense to the story. She writhed as one who is terrible pain, and her limbs were dreadfully convulsed suggests real agony. Arthur Conan Doyle then writes, Suddenly shrieked. By using two very strong and powerful words it makes you want to read on and see why she suddenly shrieked. Arthur Conan Doyle also writes Oh, my God! Helen! It was the band! The speckled band! He uses speech and punctuation, and even more importantly he uses explanation marks, which add to the drama. By using explanation marks after nearly every word it makes everything seem so much more dramatic and important, and by this creates and adds to the suspense to the story. The Man with the Twisted Lip is yet another story by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. The story seems to be about a missing man (Nevel St Claire), which leads to a murder inquiry. Sherlock Holmes later discovers that Nevel St Claire wasnt and didnt actually go missing, but was in fact disguised as a beggar. There are lots of different settings in this short story, all of which are described completely different. For instant, the area of East London is described as a vile alley lurking, which gives us the idea that people in this area/alley get up to no good. The choice of words lurking and vile reinforce this.

The Plot Of Star Wars Episode Ii free essay sample

: Essay, Research Paper Rather than compose it all myself, Josh Griffin of TheForce.net has given me permission to utilize one of TFn # 8217 ; s updates ( this 1 ) called # 8220 ; The Story So Far. # 8221 ; Everything written in Grey is from TFn, and everything in purple is stuff I # 8217 ; ve added. I have besides added links to the official site # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; choice images # 8221 ; so you can see how they fit in with the narrative. As Episode II begins, we learn that Amidala has left the throne on Naboo and has been replaced by the freshly elected Queen Jamillia ( Choice 9: Queen Jamillia ) . Now traveling by the name Padme Naberrie, she represents Naboo in the Galactic Senate. We besides learn of a trade between Count Dooku and Jango Fett. In exchange for the right to clone an ground forces out of Jango, Dooku gives Jango # 8230 ; a present. At one point, Senator Padme intercedes in a difference between the Geonosians, the Kaminoans, the Commerce Guild, and the Intergalactic Bank Clan. We will write a custom essay sample on The Plot Of Star Wars Episode Ii or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She uncovers some corruptness ( created by Darth Sidious ) and possible programs by the Neimodians to re-arm themselves. She voices this concern in the Senate. After going a blabber-mouth and talking out against corruptness, there is a failed blackwash effort by Zam Wesell in the Senate. Zam, I believe, has been hired by Senator Orn Free Taa ( Choice 3: Orn Free Taa ) . Padm? doesn # 8217 ; t think her personal escort Captain Typho is adequate, so she turns to the Jedi for aid. Yoda and Mace Windu assign Anakin and Obi-Wan to protect her because they have done so in the past.Obi-Wan, Anakin, Padm? , and her two servants # 8211 ; Cord? ( Veronica Segura ) and another ( Rose Byrne ) # 8211 ; subsequently go to a dark nine called # 8220 ; Dex # 8217 ; s Diner. # 8221 ; ( Choice 6: Dex # 8217 ; s Diner ) There is a scene in the nine in which Elian Sleazebagno ( Matt Doran ) does some # 8220 ; problem doing # 8221 ; ( non certainly what # 8211 ; possibly he hits on Padm? , who knows. ) During this scene Zam Wesell attempts to hit Padm? ( Choice 14: Zam Wesell ) but ends up killing Cord? . Obi-Wan and Anakin pursuit Zam ( Choice 1: Running Anakin ) through the streets of Coruscant and catch up with her. They attempt to interrogate the premium huntsman to happen out who she # 8217 ; s working for, but she is killed by a Kyber Dart shooting from Jango Fett who was concealing in the shadows. At this point, the Jedi Council assigns Anakin Skywalker to attach to Padme back to Naboo where she # 8217 ; ll be safe. He takes her back to the planet and meets her parents, Jobal Naberrie and Ruwee Naberrie, every bit good as her sisters. Jar Jar and the other Gungans come along and besides vow to protect Padme. Although it may look excessively early in the movie, Annie and Padm? are in *love* . Anakin and Padm? acquire married on Naboo at a little small nuptials near a lake. After the nuptials, they go on a private boat sail up a river. I believe this is the point i n the saga in which Luke and Leia are conceived # 8211 ; in other words, Anakin and Padm? do the nasty in the boat. Meanwhile, Obi-Wan goes on a pursuit with Plo Koon to happen out more about who is behind the blackwash effort and the corruptness in the Senate. He travels to a planet run by Count Dooku and discovers programs for a ringer ground forces to be created. He besides tracks down Jango Fett and his immature boy Boba Fett. Turns out that Jango is being used as a templet to do the ringers. Obi-Wan shortly finds himself in an all-too-familiar scene in which Plo Koon is contending Jango Fett and Obi-Wan is unable to help. Plo Koon is killed by Jango. Jango tries to fly and Obi-Wan pursuits after him. Just before Jango can acquire into his ship and take off, Obi-Wan gimmicks up with him on the landing platform. Young Boba Fett, who has been waiting for his # 8220 ; father # 8221 ; ( Choice 17: Boba in Slave I ) , runs into Slave I while Obi-Wan and Jango get in a battle ousid e the ship in the pouring rain ( Choice 10: Singing in the Rain *A Joke* ) . The conflict ends in a deadlock and Jango gets off, but non before Obi-Wan takes a searcher cod out of his belt and hurtle it towards the ship. He watches the ship wing off, so he contacts the Jedi Council to alarm them of what # 8217 ; s traveling on.After hearing the intelligence that Count Dooku # 8211 ; a former Jedi Master # 8211 ; has turned to the Dark Side, two characters # 8211 ; I think Mace Windu and Yoda # 8211 ; walk through a portion of the Jedi Temple in which there are relics of celebrated Jedi in the history of the order. They are discoursing Count Dooku as they walk down a dark corridor. They come to a subdivision of the hall, which is imposingly big, and has a figurine of Dooku and words inscribed at the underside that praise him as a legendary Jedi Master. They begin to fear that their old beliefs of the adult male were false and that he poses a major menace to them as a member of t he Dark Side.Back on Naboo, Anakin has a vision of the hereafter and sees h is mother in great danger. At the same clip, a 2nd ( 3rd? ) assasination effort takes topographic point on Padme. Anakin decides to take Padme into concealing back on Tatooine and happen his female parent. When they arrive, Anakin interrogates Watto cuz he wants to happen out where the Lars farm is ( Choice 12: The Lars Moisture Farm ) . Watto is now old, unable to wing, and wholly broke from wagering on the podraces. ( It is my contention that Anakin ever knew his female parent had been freed and married to Cliegg Lars. That is why he neer returned to liberate her from bondage – he knew she was safe and no longer a slave. I have besides been told that Cliegg Lars won Shmi’s freedom in a stake against Gardulla the Hutt, to whom Watto had sold Shmi shortly after Episode I because he was so bust. I’m non certainly if this is true. ) Watto tells Anakin where the Lars place is and he hurries out at that place with Padm? . After a speedy conversation with Owen Lars an d his girlfriend Beru Whitesun, Anakin dumps Padm? off and Tells Owen to watch her ( Choice 2: Padm? at the Lars Farm ) . Anakin so runs out into the desert to where Owen says she has gone. When he finds her, she’s acquiring beaten to decease by ____________ *I’ll tell you later* . She dies in his weaponries. ( I will uncover more inside informations about this ulterior – but let’s merely state it’s a major measure for Anakin towards the Dark Side. ) On the other side of the galaxy, Obi-Wan tracks down Jango and Count Dooku to a planet run by Poggle the Lesser, and foreigner who specializes in making battledroids for the Trade Federation. Poggle has had created a clump of new ace conflict droids every bit good as the traditional Destroyer Droids and battledroids. They are besides fixing to make a clone ground forces of Clone Troopers ( who subsequently become Stormtroopers ) . Obi-Wan alerts the Jedi Council and an ground forces is dispatched. Soon after making so, Obi-Wan discoveries himself in deep bantha poodoo! He stumbles across Mr. Darth Sidious on this planet, and the two get in a battle. Obi-Wan gets beaten severely and loses his lightsaber ( Qui-Gon’s old one ) . This is the ground that he makes another bluish one for himself – the 1 that we see in A New Hope. Sidious zaps Obi-Wan with his lightning custodies ( Choice 7: Obi-Wan Gets Zapped ) until Obi-Wan is about dead. Sidious so takes Obi-Wan to Count Dooku and Poggle the Lesser and tells them to feed him to the Reeks.After sitting an full dark in the desert beside his dead female parent, Anakin returns to the Lars farm to happen that it has been pillaged by premium huntsmans ( a kin of Fetts ) . Cliegg Lars is dead, Beru and Owen are losing, and Padm? is gone. The Fetts take Padm? to the same planet that Obi-Wan is on ( Choice 8: Padm? is Captured ) . Anakin is diffident if he can salvage her, but pursuits after her. ( I have no thought how he knows where she went – possibly merely sees it through the Force like Luke saw that his friends were in problem on Cloud City in The Empire Strikes Back. ) Back on Poggle the Lesser’s planet, Jango, Dooku, and Poggle are watching Reeks eating slaves in an sphere before the chief event – feeding Obi-Wan to the Reeks. Minutes before Mace Windu and the Jedi Knights arrive on Tatooine, Obi-Wan is tied to a canvass in the centre of the sphere. Mace Windu and The Jedi explosion in merely in clip and have a ferocious conflict in an sphere with the droids, Jango, and a animal called the Reek. Windu kills Jango in the conflict, therefore triping Boba Fett’s hatred for the Jedi. The battle between the Jedi, ace droids, the Lessers, Reeks, and Count Dooku continues outside the sphere. Anakin is nowhere to be found, and even Yoda engages in the battle. After Anakin eventually does get he attempts to salvage Padme, but fails. Obi-Wan insists she is dead, but Anakin doesnâ €™t believe a word of it. A lightsaber conflict shortly erupts between Obi-Wan, Windu, Anakin, Count Dooku ( revealed to be Lord Tyranus ) , and another dark Jedi. During this conflict, Count Dooku cuts off Anakin’s right manus right above the carpus ( Choice 11: Anakin Vs. Dooku ) . The conflict rages on, and shortly Anakin believes that the lone manner he can salvage Padme is by turning to the Dark Side, despite the warnings of Obi-Wan. He turns on his maestro, therefore taking to Episode III.I believe the movie concludes with Padm? stating Obi-Wan that she is pregnant with Anakin’s kid. Obi-Wan tells her to travel into concealing on Alderaan. There # 8217 ; s still a spot losing. I think there is rather a spot more material at the beginning. Padm? and Anakin acquire married about three quarters of the manner through the movie. Reading what # 8217 ; s written supra would take you to believe otherwise, but that # 8217 ; s because there are things losing. I believe Anakin and Obi-Wan parade around with Padm? for rather a piece before Anakin takes her to Naboo.

Ideological Differences and the Cold War free essay sample

To what extent were Ideological differences to blame for the Cold War? The two superpowers both United States and Soviet union relations after the Second World War were completely torn; the tension eventually became a status-quo where both ideologies neither were able to reconcile nor co-exist due to economical and polltlcal competition, The two Ideologies conflict then resulted In an arm race, boycott, and aggressive foreign policy, which were known as the cold war. It may be true that the both Ideologies capitalism and communism were the main reason that separated the two superpowers and European nations into two rival factions; owever, the ideology itself cannot solemnly be blame for causing the Cold War. The two ideologies conflict started take shape from 1945 until 1949 the twos competition actually became a wartare where the whole world would be Influence by the two superpowers. The post revisionist historians viewed the cold war as nothing more than power struggle between the two superpowers; the economic power and foreign Influence between two factions were merely motivated by suspicion, aggression, and fear. We will write a custom essay sample on Ideological Differences and the Cold War or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Europes stability was completely ruined after the Second World War, which the wo superpowers were able to create the sphere ot Influence In Europe, Both war victors united states and soviet union now had the authority to arbitrate over Europe, since most of the Europe economy was devastated by war expenditure. So right after 1945, both united States and Soviet Union took control over Germany where they were battling over foreign influence in Europe. The ideology element may play the part why both superpowers were meddling with European nations stability matter: however, It Is very controversial to argue that there were other elements. 30th orthodox and revlslonlst historians blamed either superpowers Ideologically- riven expansionism where post revisionist historians thought It was much more complex than merely ideological difference. The US president Harry Truman and Soviet Union leader Stalin were the main representatives of two different ideologies. 80th Truman and Stalin were obstinate about their ideologies: they both didnt placate ones another ideology. The post revisionist historian believed the tension between the two superpowers was due to the failure of successor, Harry Truman to carry on what the Roosevelts administration had In mind for Soviet union. They said that Roosevelt did not regard Marxism-Leninism as a great threat. Communism, which concentrated on subversion and propaganda, was not as dangerous as fascism. He perceived that Russian national interest was more significant than Ideology in tashioning Stalins policies (Mccauley). In Yalta Conterence February 4 1945, Roosevelt sought no hostlllty with Stalin and tried to appease him. President Truman, however, excluded by Roosevelt from decision making, was woefully Ignorant of foreign affairs. He immediately turned to the former Presidents key advisers and they grasped the opportunity to push the give-and-take policies which Roosevelt had ailed to adopt (Mccauley)_ Truman underestimated Stalin and Soviet unions ability to stand alone, believing that their superiority is the last one standing. Theretore the aftermath of Postdam conference from 1945, which Truman menuon their Powerful new weapon tnat was demonstrated In Japan, Increased tne tenslon Detween tne two superpower s even more. A revisionist historian Gar Alperovitz stated, The bomb was unnecessary in defeating Japan, and was intended instead as a provocative signal to the Soviets that the United States would use such a weapon to fashion a postwar world accessible to American interests. Therefore contrast between two US presidents in Yalta and Postdam conferences showed that the increasing tension between two superpowers wasnt mainly due to ideological difference, rather it was Trumans lack of experience and Judgment had worsened the two relations. Germany was divided into two regions after the Postdam conference where one was occupied by democratic nations, and the other was occupied by USSR communist. Germany division represented the separation of Western and Eastern Europe, which it really highlighted the two different ideologies factions. Many argued that the long elegram was one of mainly element that led to isolation policy and long term dislike between two superpowers. According to George F. Kennan in his famous long telegram of 22 February 1946, and in his anonymous article The Sources of Soviet Conduct in July 1947 (Mccauley) the orthodox historian believed that the blame was on Soviet Unions ideology. From one of orthodox historians states, The wellsprings of the Cold War are to be found in Marxism-Leninism with its doctrine of class struggle leading to revolution of a world scale (Mccauleyb clearly stating the cause or the Cold War started since Bolshevik revolution in 1917. By the end of 1948 the overwhelming majority of American and West European politicians had adopted George F. Kennans analysis. Orthodox historians regard the policies of the Soviet government vis-Â ¤-vis capitalist states as Fundamentally hostile, merely tempered by cooperation when deemed necessary (Mccauley). Michael Hart, also an orthodox historian, said, The Cold War was caused by the military expansionism of Stalin and his successors. The American response was basically a defensive reaction. As long s Soviet leaders clung to their dream of imposing Communism on the world, the West had no way (other than surrender) of ending the conflict. When a Soviet leader appeared who was willing to abandon that goal, the seemingly interminable Cold War soon melted away. The occupation of East Germany and spread of communism in Eastern Europe all seemed as the nature of aggressive Soviet Expansionism. The division of Germany was an example to show ideological difference and separation of two superpowers influence. This led to iron curtain, Berlin blockade and airlift in 948 and 1949 to demonstrate the ideological battle between two powers. US in the other hand tried to placate Soviet Union, The Truman administration continued to seek cooperation with USSR, despite increasing exasperation at Soviet intransigence in the United Nations, and at their inability to pierce the iron curtain (Mccauley). However, the revisionist historians argument was basically that the Soviet Unions ideology expansion cannot be held in account for hostile behavior. They believed that Soviet Unions stability was completely ruin after the Second World War where they arrowly escaped defeat with its enormous human and material losses meant that by 1945, it was near economic ruin. Therefore confronted by their rival ideology and prosperous nation United States, the Soviet Union was intimidated by their power influence. In order to prevent any threat happening from Germany they needed to create a buffer zone, Its security needs led it to seek governments in contiguous state wnlcn were not antl-sovlet ana to ensure tnat no mllltary tnreat ever emanated again from German soil (Mccauley). In July 1947 the United States suggested the Soviet Union to reconstruct the Europes economic stability, the Marshall Plan. However, after all the attempts to have partnership, the United States had no choice but to have priority to use the containment of communist expansionism in order to protect non-communist European states because Soviet Union refused all these offers of cooperation. The Soviet Union couldnt let that happen because, Threat to its security interests in eastern and southeastern Europe, particularly as American trade and investment were frequently accompanied by militant anti-communism (Mccauley). Therefore despite the fact that there was ideological difference, the US tried to sort out their differences and tried to placate Soviet Union; however, for Soviet Union it was strategically necessary to act against US foreign policy for their national safety. However, the ideological difference did play significant in the Marshall Plan because it was found in the American economic and political system. They said, The liberal capitalist US economy needed ever increasing trade and investment opportunities to overcome its endemic weaknesses, this in turn implied the expansion of American political influence (Mccauley). The Marshall Plan was designed to create an informal American empire in Europe and thereby to extend American political influence over the USSR itself. US involvement in the war against Japan and Germany was the desire to maintain and to expand where possible the US share in the world economy, since Japan and Germany were in the process of establishing autarkic empires (Mccauley). Roosevelt and Truman and their advisors already predicted the threat of Soviet Expansionism, and that they tried to restrain the Soviets from changing the international order in a way that would have been as angerous to Western interests. Therefore Marshall Plan then led to Truman Doctrine, and establishment of NATO in 1949, which not only did it influence Europe to be under control by American imperialism, but also did not support Soviet Union because the United States implanted anti-communism propaganda. American pressure and the Western decision to form blocs resulted in the Soviet Union seeking greater political conformity in eastern and south-eastern Europe, which it was an ideological struggle in political and economical elements. It is much reasonable to gree with Post-revisionist historians argument because it has both Western and Soviet Unions perspective. Orthodox and post revisionist historians would slightly be one-sided where orthodox historians were influenced during the beginning of the Cold War era, and Post revisionist historians were popular when the United States was involved in Vietnam War. The weaknesses of the orthodox and revisionist analyses are evident: the former pays little attention to the legitimate security needs of the USSR, while the latter ignores Soviet behavior which gave rise to shifts in American policy (Mccauley). Post-revisionist historians interpretations sought to avoid the polarities of Blame-it-all-on-the Soviets or blame-it-all-on-the-Americans. They also acquired the Soviets historian knowledge when the Soviet archive was accessible. They emphasized the element Fear and Apprehension as the main reason for leading the two superpowers to the Cold War as they both sought for military, politic, economic superiority over one another, and would simply Justify it as an ideological difference. I nougn tne world was alvlaea Dy two Ideologies, tne causes 0T tne 010 c war cannot olemnly be interpreted by ideological difference. That is why the Cold War is viewed differently by many historians such as orthodox, revisionist, and post revisionist historian. There are many substantial evidences that support those interpretations of the Cold War, and all of them are respectfully recognized by other historians. However, believe that the Cold War mainly because of fear of either superpowers being dominated by one another, such anticipation risen to extreme case where both United States and Soviet Union hyperbolically creating two huge factions, and separating themselves by ideological difference.

The Case of the Unidentified Industries-2006 Essays

The Case of the Unidentified Industries-2006 Essays The Case of the Unidentified Industries-2006 Paper The Case of the Unidentified Industries-2006 Paper From the balance sheet and the financial date given in Exhibition 1, I manage to connect the dates with the companies in the following order: 1. The online book seller correspond to balance sheet A, due to high inventory turnover but at the same time keeping low inventory, high cash and long term debt. 2. The book store chain correspond to balance sheet B, due to keeping high inventory, high plant and equipment assets, and profit per revenue is low. . The online direct factory to customer personal pc vendor correspond to balance sheet C, due to high number of account receivable, low inventory, low plant and equipment, but high inventory turnover. Because the inventories are presold, the company doesn’t need long term assets and high inventory. 4. The pharmaceutical manufacturer corresponds to D, due to high number of assets in other assets (know-how, or some intangible assets), high profit-revenue, high stock price and low profit-net worth. 5. The advertising agency correspond to E, firs because of the hint given for the company and second because the acc receivable and acc payable are almost equal both relatively high, also the plant-equipment assets are low. 6. The computer software developer corresponds to F, due to the low inventory percentage showing it is a service. It also has low plant-equipment showing that this business is more of an office type. This company is one of the most profitable of the all 14 firms, which is usual for high-tech company. . The health maintenance organization corresponds to G, because of having low plant-equipment and no inventory and accounts receivable are very high. Also revenue per assets is high which is typical for a medicine company. 8. The restaurant chain corresponds to H, due to the very high inventory turnover, typical for a restaurant. The plant-equipment assets are high and the accounts receivable are low, because in this business the customer pays right after receiving the g oods. 9. The retail grocery store corresponds to I, because the numbers show high inventory and high plant-equipment, because a grocery store has to be well stocked at all times. Also the accounts payable is high which indicates that a retail grocery store would have several suppliers. Also, high revenue to assets and low profit to revenue is typical for grocery store. 10. Department store chain refers to J, because of the high inventory, high plant-equipment and high accounts payable. The common stock and receivables collection period are relatively high which is common for a department store chain. 11. The retail drug chain refers to K, due to high inventory, high accounts payable and high plant/equipment. The higher accounts receivable indicates when drug chains bill insurance companies which is common for this business. 12. The electric and gas utility goes to L on the balance sheet (with 72% of its revenue from electricity sales and 28% of its revenue from natural gas sales). This is the reason for the company inventory. The high plant-equipment number and the receivable collection period it’s usual for company that sends bills monthly. 13. The airline company goes to M, because there is no inventory which means it is a service business. The high plant-equipment is due to the price of the aircrafts. Usually people pay with cash or credit card when they book a flight which explains why the accounts receivable number is low. The profit is low, probably of the crises, fuel cost and the very competitive market in that industry. 14. The commercial bank refers to M (â€Å"fitted into the most nearly comparable balance sheet and ratio categories of the nonfinancial companies†) due to no inventory on the balance sheet, shows that the company provides services. This company has the highest accounts receivable (90%) which can be explained by the loans given from the bank to the clients. Also it has the highest receivable collection period with it being 4071 days.

Ethical Considerations on the End of Life Research Paper

Ethical Considerations on the End of Life - Research Paper Example In other cases, the person to be given euthanasia does not have the power to make a decision. This may happen, for example, if he/she is in a state of a comma, or else, he/she is conscious but is fully paralyzed and can do nothing more than fed artificially. According to (Cavan and Dolan 12), euthanasia can be defined as, â€Å"the act or practice of killing or permitting the death of hopelessly sick or injured individuals (such as persons or domestic animals) in a relatively painless way for reasons of mercy.† As this definition indicates, all possible measures are exercised in euthanasia to ensure that it takes the victim minimum pain and labor to die. It is obvious that the victim is given euthanasia by another person.   Issues like euthanasia should be dealt with extreme care and delicacy particularly in the present age when people have grown much conscious about health and safety issues and ethics is considered a priority in every act an individual indulges in. â€Å"All forms of euthanasia, voluntary or involuntary, should be condemned until death is chosen for an individual by law because of his/her criminality.† It is useful to discuss certain types of euthanasia before making an in-depth analysis of the ethical consideration of this dilemma because people tend to argue for or against euthanasia without distinguishing between the various conventional forms of euthanasia. There are two fundamental types of euthanasia depending upon the presence or absence of the will of the person being given euthanasia. These two types of euthanasia are called as the voluntary and non-voluntary euthanasia (Dyck). It may seem surprising that there are people who tend to have euthanasia willingly, though it is true and there may be many reasons for that. Euthanasia which is given after seeking due permission from the victim is termed as the â€Å"assisted euthanasia†.

Conceptual Blending Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Conceptual Blending - Assignment Example This paper will base its focus on identifying the first concept that will be appropriate for the process from a selected reference point. Secondly, it will give the other concept whose fusion with the first will bring out the third and final concept. The second concept will also be from a selected source on a reference manual. The last part of this paper will highlight the concept blending process bringing out the new applicable concept. It will include illustrations to try to bring out the aspects required in a more clear and visual way. In essence, all institutions or organizations are organized systems. This means that the departments within it are interrelated and rely on each other for the overall well functioning of the institution. In addition, there are two systems popularly visible in an organizational structure. First, there is the open system whose main influence is the outside surroundings and is the most reckoned system. People within this form of system tend to be accepting to outside forces therefore not limiting their level of interaction with the outside surrounding. Secondly, there is the closed system whose focus is on those within the organizations borders. These systems have reserved nature with limited outside communication to its environs there fore making it less privileged to what its surroundings have to offer. In this regard, the ideal first concept for this paper would be the open system that is easier to work with. An illustration at this point would be useful to paint the picture that th is point puts across. In identifying the second concept, immediacy would be the ideal choice for this. Immediacy is the level of percept of physical attachment between individuals working in an organization. This would involve the office sitting arrangement, eye contact ability of the employees while at their workstations and also the general

Unplanned absence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Unplanned absence - Essay Example Also, with this kind of absences, there should be a technology or related factors to compensate with the absence of this individual. In United States, the labor sector loses 2.3% of scheduled working hours as well as 20 percent of its payroll due to this kind of situation. The question is what are the steps that must be done should this kind of instances occur to replace the absentee as well as to minimize expenses during this particular incident wherein the company is required to pay the absentee' On the given example, there are varieties of options that are to be looked upon in order to address this kind of problem. In this case, these varieties are regarded as part of the system. The remedies that were provided are that the company would hire temporary employee in the absence of the personnel concerned, pay-per-use scheme within the customers, hold over-times and the likes. These ideas and are somewhat a management system in the company which is formulated to address several issues concerning operational management within the company. In the article written by Fred Easton (+) and John Goodale in 2005 entitled scheduled recovery for unplanned absences, it was stated there the issues revolving around organizations particularly in organizations which is service in nature. The subject areas were Labor and staff planning, mathematical programming and the likes were tackled and looked upon. In my own perspective regarding issues on unplanned absences specifically on business which is service in nature, a contingency plan must be made due to the organization exist due to the services that have been rendered by the people. Also, a system which deals with the employees and the target customer is essential to obtain the sense of order in the workplace. The aforementioned systems that was laid in the earlier premises in this paper in order to address the problems concerning in this nature. The pay-per-use scheme is a convenient way to use in order to regulate flow and arrival of customers in which the customer will have second thoughts of acquiring services from the company. In this case, the company will have a return of income as this method is expensive from the conventional one. This kind of scheme is very practical since the scheme would tend to regulate the influx of customers and since thee are a small amount of employees that are working due to the absence(s) of their colleagues, then chances of serving tremendous amount of customers would be manageable due to the fact that customers will be entertained only on the prescribed terms of use and the services that would be used will be paid each time they are availed and with this, it will also be a source of tremendous income since the services are paid not on the length but rather on the quantity of rendered services. Also, the employees will only work on the prescribed description of their tasks. In this case, the work load of the employees will become limited thus will give better chances in meeting the demands of customers regardless of numbers. Also, in this process, the operation of the organization was not halted though they operate with

Role of Traditional Medicine in Third World Countries

Role of Traditional Medicine in Third World Countries Overview According to the National Aboriginal Health Organisation (NAHO, 2003), the term traditional was introduced by the British during the colonial era and often rejected by many indigenous peoples. Authorities in the industrialised world used the term traditional medicine to distinguish between Western medicine and medical knowledge and practices that were local to indigenous tribes in Africa, South East Asia and other parts of the third world. Today traditional medicine is also referred to as Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) (Shaikh Hatcher, 2005). Chronic social, economic and political problems in many third world countries means that the vast majority of their populations have little or no access to modern medical resources. By contrast, traditional medicine is often available to the masses and may constitute the only available health care resource. This essay discusses the role of traditional medicine as an essential resource in the third world, with specific reference to Nigeria and Pakistan. Traditional Medicine There is no universally accepted and unambiguous definition of traditional medicine, largely because of differences in culture, language, and medical products and practices across the third world. However, the World Health Organisation defines traditional medicine as health practices, approaches, knowledge and beliefs incorporating plant, animal and mineral based medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques and exercises, applied singularly or in combination to treat, diagnose and prevent illnesses or maintain well-being (WHO, 2003). Traditional medicine generally refers to any medicinal knowledge and practices that arent within the domain of modern day Western medicine. Like modern medicine the ultimate goal of the traditional healer is to improve the well being of individuals who present with some undesirable physical or psychological malady (Shaikh Hatcher, 2005). However, traditional medicine is unique in that improvements in well-being may incorporate spiritual healing, an d whereas western medicine largely relies on science-based knowledge and procedures, traditional medicine is based on local rituals, herbs, and superstitions indigenous to the local community (NAHO, 2003). Traditional medicine may incorporate different fields of expertise. NAHO (2003) identifies several types of specialists, including the spiritualist, herbalist, medicine man/woman, and healer. Spiritualists specialise in spiritual healing, for example by communicating with dead ancestors and performing ritualised sacrifices (e.g. killing a chicken). They often enjoy a certain degree of authority within local communities, serving as mentors for individuals or families. Herbalists are perhaps equivalent to pharmacists and pharmacologists in western medicine. They are experts on the medicinal properties of local plants and are typically called upon to prepare various medicinal concoctions to cure specific ailments. Such preparations may be in the form of a meal, drink, or even special soap for bathing. Healers are individuals with a natural talent for healing, often through spiritual or other means, perhaps similar to the psychic in Western society. Indeed, there seems to be a high degre e of overlap between healers, and spiritualists, albeit this is debatable and culture-specific. Finally, the medicine man/woman is a traditional healer usually involved in ceremonial activity, such as a funeral. They often carry a lot of material effects, such as mysterious ‘bundles’, bones, and other effects. Chronic shortages of modern health care resources in the third world has led to renewed interest in the role that CAM could play in reducing premature morbidity and mortality. Health care in the third word Populations living in third world countries are plagued by a variety of health problems. These include childbirth problems such as low birth weight (Arif Arif, 1999), nutritional problems, notably malnutrition, hypoglycaemia and hypothermia (Bhan et al, 2003), kidney disease (SantaCruz, 2003), degenerative psychiatric illnesses such as Hodgkin’s disease (Hu et al, 1988), hypertension (Galie Rubin, 2004), tobacco-related illness (Tomlinson, 1997), and so on. The prevailing economic, political, social and environmental conditions arent ideal for maintaining good health (Cooper, 1984). Socio-economic inequalities caused by flawed economic policies and political corruption has meant that modern medicine is beyond the reach of the suffering masses. Environmental decadence manifests in poor sanitary conditions, itself a result (at least in part) of weak economic infrastructure, and political leadership. Governments in many third world countries often spend only a fraction of their gross domestic product (GDP) on health care, so that there is a chronic shortage of both primary and secondary health resources such as clinics, hospitals, staff, and drugs. Health care policies are either absent, inadequate or poorly implemented. Lack of adequate funding stifles research and development, not withstanding positive side effects like increased creativity (Coloma Harris, 2004). These deplorable conditions have persisted despite massive financial investment by the World Bank. The organisation pays out an estimated $28 billion annually to third world countries, some of which is meant be used for the development of adequate health infrastructure (Pinker, 2000). But this has had little effect, partly because of government corruption, political instability, and crippling national debts. Moreover, technological change is so rapid that investment in essential medical equipment is not viable, unless there is a regular cash flow to finance replacements (Coloma Harris, 2004). Much has been written about the problem of ‘brain drain’ in which locally trained professionals flee their under-resourced and decaying health care systems to take up more lucrative jobs abroad (Fisher, 2003; Latif, 2003; Levy, 2003). Then there is the capitalist constraint. Private companies in the West that provide health services, pharmaceuticals, equipment, and other medical re sources need to make a profit to stay in business. This means selling products to their clients (governments, health service organisations, the general public) at a cost-effective price, which third world countries simply cannot afford. Getting private companies to sell their health services and products at a loss, for example by provide cheap or free drugs, often requires government intervention and corporate will (Enserink, 2000), both of which are often lacking. In the midst of such adversity traditional medicine may provide the only viable source of health care. Nigeria Modern health care in Nigeria incorporates primary care provided by local government and privately owned clinics, secondary care dispensed by hospitals, and tertiary services (e.g. orthopaedics, psychiatry) provided by specialist hospitals (WHO, 2002-2007). Like many third world countries the health infrastructure is severely under funded, with chronic equipment and staff shortages (Kadiri, 2005). Brain drain is a constant problem (Levy, 2003), and adequate health care is expensive and hence beyond the reach of the masses (WHO, 2002-2007). Traditional medicine operates side-by-side with modern health care. Most Nigerians have access to traditional healers, or medicine men’, especially in the rural areas where people lack local health infrastructure and transportation to travel to the nearest clinic or hospital. Thus, CAM is the only health resource available to most Nigerians (Mpyet et al, 2005). Nigeria is actually a melting pot of over 300 different tribes[1], with remarkabl y different languages, cultures, lifestyles, religions and traditional governments (at local level). Thus, the practice of traditional medicine is quite varied across the country. Nevertheless, most medicine men are considered experts in the preparation and administration of various herbal medicines, and the prognosis for patients is often good. The use of herbal drugs remains very popular, especially amongst the older generation and/or less educated. Recent evidence suggests that some Nigerians are suspicious of modern medical procedures and consequently fail to utilise services to which they have access. Raufu (2002) and Pincock (2004) both document a recent health crises in northern Nigeria in which parents refused to get their kids vaccinated against poliomyelitis. There was considerable scepticism about the vaccination campaign, with many parents fearing their children may become infected with the HIV, or worse become infertile, irrespective of what the health officials said. This incident seems to mirror a subtle nation-wide cultural shift towards traditional medicine. For example, there have been calls for traditional healers to be involved in making referrals to secondary care services, along side professional medical doctors (Mpyet et al, 2005). The WHO has specifically encouraged research on traditional medicine in Nigeria, and the National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), located in Abuja, the capital city, has been identified as a possible location for such research. The NIPRD was set up to conduct research projects designed to improve, refine, and modernise traditional medicine, especially in terms of herbal remedies. The institute has successfully developed some herbal medicines including NIPRD AM-1, a herbal extract for treating malaria. In other parts of the country steps have been taken to blend traditional medicine with modern medical procedures. The Fantsuam Foundation (IHDC, 2003), a womens group founded in 1996 and based in northern Nigeria with over 80,000 members, was set up to help rural women fight their way out of poverty. This organisation is not profit oriented, works in collaboration with local government, and uses modern computer resources, such as electronic commerce. The foundation recognises the value of CAM especially amongst women living in poor communities, and works to reconcile traditional practices with modern medicine. Women in this part of the country are plagued by a variety of health problems ranging from minor ailments (e.g. back pains) to more serious conditions (e.g. HIV/AIDS). Thus, there is an ever-present demand for appropriate health care. Traditional healers are very active, using various emollients and herbs to treat patients. More encouragingly, the Foundations’ work in th e community has highlighted several interesting points concerning the modernisation of traditional medicine. These include the following; Some aspects of traditional medicine can be improved for better health service provision; Traditional healers are open to modernisation initiatives provided there is a sense of partnership and intellectual property rights are protected; Traditional medicine as a body of knowledge can be preserved while simultaneously opening it up to reforms. Overall, the value of traditional medicine as a widely available health resource is universally recognised in Nigeria. Pakistan Pakistan like other third world countries suffers from an under funded and under-resourced modern health care system. Poverty-related health problems are rife, including low birth weight (Bhutta et al, 2004), hepatitis (Yusufzai, 2004), sexually transmitted diseases (Wallerstein, 1998) and high infant mortality and malnutrition (Abbasi, 1999). The health care system is dichotomised into the public and private sectors. The former incorporates a mixture of mostly unregulated private hospitals, clinics, and traditional healers, while the public sector is made up of government run hospitals, mostly in very poor condition (Shaikh Hatcher, 2005). Overall, Pakistan’s health service system does not compare favourably with its neighbours. Poverty, illiteracy and poor sanitation, as well as political instability compound the problem, with infant mortality and infectious disease particularly problematic (Abbasi, 1999; Zaidi et al, 2004). Historically CAM has been a permanent part of the health care landscape in Pakistan, practised in the form of Unani, Ayurvedic and homeopathic systems (Shaikh Hatcher, 2005). Unani medicine entails the use of natural resources normally found in the body, such as clean and fresh water, whereas Ayurveda remedies are sensitive to a womans natural rhythms and cycles. There is particular emphasis in Pakistan on the use of plant-based traditional medicines, albeit animal based products are sometimes used. In the midst of chronic and widespread socio-economic deprivation more and more Pakistanis are turning to traditional healers for their health care (Shaikh Hatcher, 2005). Local ‘hakeems’, religious leaders and medicine men regularly dispense traditional therapies. These individuals enjoy considerable public trust and respect, especially in the rural areas, and patients regularly present with a wide range of medical conditions including gynaecological problems. According to Jafry (1999) traditional medicine was officially acknowledged in Pakistan under the Unani, Ayurvedic and Homeopathic Practitioners’ Act of 1965. The practice of homeopathy in particular has become well established, with increases in the number of homeopathic (privately owned) schools, especially after the Homeopathic Board and National Council for Homeopath y (NCH) was set up. Currently there is an abundance of homeopathic clinics, pharmaceutical companies, and other related organisations in Pakistan. Interestingly, despite these advances Pakistan continues to import homeopathic medicines in large quantities and local drug prices remain high. Consequently many Pakistanis cannot afford homeopathic treatment. Like the modern health care system which is heavily under funded ((Abbasi, 1999), homeopathic medicine remains crippled by under investment (Jafry, 1999). Despite these drawbacks, CAM as a whole remains more accessible than modern health resources, and constitutes an indispensable resource for the vast majority of the population (Shaikh Hatcher, 2005). Exploitation NAHO (2003) has identified a number of important concerns that need to be recognised if CAM is to be successfully integrated with modern medicine in developing nations. Firstly it is essential to recognise the important role played by the elderly, who form the bulk of spiritual healers and medicine men. Less common in Western culture, high reverence for elders in many third world countries is a major reason traditional medicine enjoys considerable public endorsement. Secondly, there is the risk of exploitation by unscrupulous western private enterprise. In particular it would be wholly inappropriate in a cash economy for a private pharmaceutical company, concerned about making a quick profit, to offer symbolic but worthless gifts to a traditional healer in return for valuable knowledge on local medicines, ointments and herbs. Thirdly, there is the issue of intellectual property rights. These must be protected under any circumstances, again to avoid unfair exploitation and profiteerin g by private companies. Health care funding provided to third world governments by the WHO, World Bank, and other financial organisations should be conditional on the establishment and implementation of satisfactory protective policies. For example independent (e.g. WHO) officials can be used to supervise contracts that are drawn up between private enterprises and traditional healer groups. Conclusions As early as 1984 Cooper argued that Western medicine might not really be suitable for the third world (Cooper, 1984). Despite the rapid spread of modern medicine CAM remains an indispensable resource for providing adequate health care to the majority of individuals living in these countries. Socio-economic and political problems have severely limited access to modern health care. However, considerable progress has being made towards harness the potential of traditional medicine, for example by allowing traditional healers to make hospital referrals. Both the WHO and World Bank seem committed to promoting the development of CAM. Given the complexity and variability of health provision across the third world it may be necessary to tailor health care reform to the peculiar requirements of each country (Buch, 2005). Traditional medicine is firmly rooted in local culture and customs (NAHO, 2003), and therefore traditional health protocols cannot be generalised across nations. Additionally , concerns about equality, protection rights, and other ethical issues need to be addressed. References Abbasi, K. (1999) The World Bank and world health Focus on South Asia II: India and Pakistan British Medical Journal, 318, pp.1132-1135 Arif, M.A. Arif, K. (1999) Low birthweight babies in the third world: maternal nursing versus professional nursing care, Journal of Tropical Paediatrics, 45, pp.278 – 280. Bhan, M.K., Bhandari, N. Bahl, R. (2003) Management of the severely malnourished child: perspective from developing countries. British Medical Journal, 326, pp.146 151 Bhutta, Z.A., Khan, I., Salat, S., Raza., F. Ara, H. (2004) Reducing length of stay in hospital for very low birthweight infants by involving mothers in a stepdown unit: an experience from Karachi (Pakistan). British Medical Journal, 329, pp.1151 1155 Buch, E. (2005) The future of health care in Africa. British Medical Journal. 331, pp.1-2. Coloma, J. Harris, E. (2004) Innovative low cost technologies for biomedical research and diagnosis in developing countries. British Medical Journal, 329, pp.1160- 1162 Cooper, J.A.D. (1984) Health resources: the United States and the third world, Health Affairs, 3, pp.149 151 Enserink, M. (2000) Group urges action on third world drugs. Science, 287, p.1571 Fisher, J.P. (2003) Third world brain drain: Brain drain must be halted. British Medical Journal. 327, p.930. Galie, N. Rubin, L.J. (2004) Introduction: new insights into a challenging disease: A review of the third world symposium on pulmonary arterial hypertension. Journal of American College of Cardiology, 43 (12 Suppl S): 1S. Jafry, S.A.A. (1999) Homeopathy in Pakistan [online]. The Homeo Webzine. Available from: http://www.geocities.com/pulsnet2000/homeopak.htm>[Accessed 5 March 2006]. Kadiri, S. (2005) Tackling cardiovascular disease in Africa. British Medical Journal, 331, pp.711-712. Hu, E., Hufford, S., Lukes, R., Bernstein-Singer, M., Sobel, G., Gill, P., Pinter- Brown, L., Rarick, M., Rosen, P. Brynes, R. (1988) Third-World Hodgkins disease at Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center Journal of Clinical Oncology, 6, pp.1285 1292. IHDC (2003) Local health content in Nigeria blends tradition and science. Johannesburg: IHDC. Latif, A.S. (2003) Third world brain drain: Causes of exodus need to be examined and rectified. British Medical Journal, 327, p.930. Levy, L.F. (2003) The first worlds role in the third world brain drain. British Medical Journal, 327, p.170 Mpyet, C, Dineen, B.P., Solomon, A.W. (2005) Cataract surgical coverage and barriers to uptake of cataract surgery in leprosy villages of north eastern Nigeria. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 89, pp.936-938. NAHO (2003) Traditional Medicine in Contemporary Context: Protecting and Respecting Indigenous Knowledge and Medicine. Ottawa, ON: NAHO. Pincock, S. (2004) Poliovirus spreads beyond Nigeria after vaccine uptake drops. British Medical Journal. 328, p.310 Pinker, S. (2000) Banking on the Third World. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 163, p.94 Raufu, A. (2002) Polio cases rise in Nigeria as vaccine is shunned for fear of AIDS British Medical Journal, 324, p.1414. SantaCruz, P.L. (2003) Preventing end-stage kidney disease: a personal opinion from the Third World. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 18, p.2453. Shaikh, B.T. Hatcher, J. (2005) Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Pakistan: Prospects and Limitations. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2, pp.139–142. Tomlinson, R. (1997) Smoking death toll shifts to third world British Medical Journal, 315, pp.563 568 Wallerstein, C. (1998) Pakistan lags behind in reproductive health. British Medical Journal. 317, p.1546 WHO (2003) Country Press Releases: WHO encourages Research into Traditional Medicine. Geneva: WHO. WHO (2002-2007) WHO Country Cooperation Strategy: Federal Republic of Nigeria. Geneva. WHO Zaidi, K.M., Awasthi, S. deSilva, H.J. (2004) Burden of infectious diseases in South Asia. British Medical Journal, 328, pp.811 – 815. Yusufzai, A (2004) Pakistan medical association warns of potential rise in hepatitis British Medical Journal. 329, p.530. 1 Footnotes [1] There are three major tribes; The Hausa, Ibo, and Yoruba.

A Response to Richard Brookheiser’s “All Junk, All the Time”

Richard Brookheiser throws every single indictment that he can think of at the institution of rock music. It is obvious that Brookheiser is writing merely to vent his personal feelings: he has no intention of learning more about the music that he has chosen to criticize so roundly. It is unfortunate for him, since if he had decided to actually listen to some rock music with an open mind, he would have been certain to hear some music that he would have liked. The first criticism that Brookheiser (1996) makes is that rock appeals to the masses, even to megachurches.That, in itself, is not a bad thing to be entirely honest. Music should appeal to the masses. Regardless of whether there is a variety of music that only exists for the highbrow enjoyment of the elite class, the â€Å"average† person also needs to experience the sensation that listening to music can bring to a person. Music needs to â€Å"speak† to the person that listens to it, to have relevance to that listen er, and perhaps even reflect the events in his or her life.If rock appeals to the masses, it’s because most of its listeners understand the artist when the pain of rejected or unrequited love leads the artist to sing about the â€Å"first cut† being â€Å"deepest† or the sense of loss â€Å"counting the steps† of a retreating lover. Opera, after all, has the same theme, only it’s shouted at the top of one’s voice and in another language. Brookheiser (1996) also criticizes rock music for having â€Å"E Z 2 Play musical instruments† (p.1), equaled by the apparent ease of the lyrics. Once again, he misses the point. Clearly, Brookheiser has not listened to enough rock music to appreciate the harpsichord used by the Beatles, the saxophone used by Billy Joel, or the experimental music used by more artists than it is possible to count. Rock music is about pushing the boundaries of acceptable sound. While much of the music can be played on t he guitar, it is never about playing it â€Å"safe.† Appreciate it or not, both the original and the remake of â€Å"Funky Town† make a statement with their electronic music–try that on the guitar! Neither are the vocals as simplistic as Brookheiser would make out. For every song with the simplicity of Natasha Bedingfield’s â€Å"Unwritten,† another song exists with the artistry of Celine Dion’s vocal riffs that makes the listener sit up and listen. Even more so, Brookheiser should listen to the sentiments expressed by those apparently simple or mumbled lyrics.Even those without artistry purposefully state the writer’s hopes, fears, or social concerns. If Brookheiser feels that rock music fails as a memory marker because it is â€Å"crude and blank† (p. 1), obviously he has not been listening to the â€Å"right† kind of rock. â€Å"Rock† music is a genre that spans many areas, as he so rightfully points out. Snap some easy listening or oldies into the DVD player and even Brookheiser is likely to find music that he feels appropriate to mark even his most special memories.All he has to do is to listen with an open mind and a whole new world will open up for him. Not every person is going to like every kind of music, or even every subgenre of every kind of music. Many people might know of country music, but not as many even know about its Cajun cousin, zydeco, let alone appreciate it. That lack of appreciation does not make zydeco any less of a valuable resource for the culture that produces it; rather, it speaks even more loudly to those who understand what it is trying to say.Virtually every generation of parent has said, â€Å"in my day, music meant something! † Yet even as we age and listen to the music that we once felt was so radical, it turns into something safe and familiar, associated with our youth. The television series, The Simpsons, did an episode in which the rock song â₠¬Å"In the Garden of Eden†. Richard Brookheiser ends his essay with the statement, â€Å"It's Bottom 40, all junk, all the time. And it's here to stay† (2). Sadly enough for him: he’s right–and thank Heaven for it! Reference Brookheiser, R. (1996). All junk, all the time.   National Review.   Retrieved 23 July 2007 from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n22_v48/ai_18914547/pg_1

Chinatown: Jj Gittes Within the Archetype of Noir Heroes

However, director Roman Planks quickly ushers his leading man Into a theater of absurdity, perversion and tragedy thin the family, not as a concept, or cultural Ideal, but one composed of complex characters bonded by intricate relationships and harrowing pasts. With sass's Chinatown, Planks manipulates noir motifs and archetypes masterfully to create a personal statement of anguish and pessimism, with Sites as his detective to whom human limitations apply, a real man measured against the faculties of noir heroes.The script, written by Robert Town, recalls that of The Big Sleep, wherein a seemingly regular case unravels Into a cluster of mysteries, the answer to which eludes the detective, and at times even the audience, throughout the film. It departs from the classic noir models in its character development and by consistently returning the horrors and repercussions of the case to the character's personal lives.Sites' coaxed investigation and, according to the real Evelyn Mylar, poo r detective work plays an Integral role and Implicates him in the murder of Hollies – who not only had no mistress but was attempting to prevent Noah from gallon control of the city water supply. When Slates becomes Involved with Hollow's widow, their relationship regresses accordingly to the Noir template of romance, wherein it does not take long to fall for and get in deep with a broad, but, surprisingly, neither of their motives fit the archetypes we expect.Throughout the film, Sites is hanging by the threads of Evelyn multifaceted deception, but she has nothing to benefit from her lies. While she may have the cold expressions and overwhelming sexuality of a femme fetal, her only desire Is to separate her daughter from the wicked Noah Cross, who fathered both women. â€Å"We expect her to be a vessel of sex; In fact, she turns out to e the victim† Anymore writes (207). Similarly, the detectives pursuit to discover the truth behind Evelyn seems to stem from a genuine investment in her life, along with a desire to make up for past failures.Even when encounters between the two fulfill noir qualifiers, they resonate with a sense of authenticity, both physical and emotional. Such is the scene where Sites strikes Evelyn, of which Anymore writes that â€Å"no scene In detective melodrama†¦ L's more emotionally charged† (210). The incestuous truth behind the relationships of Noah Cross, Evelyn, and their daughter introduces an element of personal tragedy, and a villain who revels in proving himself capable of truly anything.Instead of presenting the family as an ideal our culture was losing to modernity, Planks and Town created a portrait of evil destroying the lives of innocent people without any motive. Parallels are often drawn between this facet of the film and the murder of the director's pregnant wife by the of those of the Greek tradition and the deeply personal expressions of existentialism and absurdist by Campus and Sartre. Each of these situations finds Sites morally and emotionally challenged in ways ROR leading roles of the genre were not and, ultimately, a victim.I disagree with Anymore entirely when he calls the character as a â€Å"hothead and Bulgarian† (206) and think that he misinterpreted the detective's sincerity when describing his business as an â€Å"honest living. † Unlike many of many of noirs leading men in the past, Sites does not revel in the city underbelly and is not entertained by the nastiness inherent to its citizens. Having seen it all has made him passive, and in his own way, empathetic. When the fake Mrs.. Mylar alleges of Hollow's affair, he responds by attempting to turn her away instead of Jumping to capitalize on her feign, hysterical state. Mrs.. Mylar, do you love your husband? † he asks. â€Å"Then go home and forget everything. † The cynicism is present, in his tone, his one liners, but as a result of the agony he has not been able to shake since Chinatown. He is a man that has been on the losing end of corruption for too long. His time in Chinatown caused him to lose more than his conscience, â€Å"putting' Chainmen away for spitting' in the laundry' and â€Å"doing' as little as possible,† but a woman that was close to him and a piece of his sanity.He is wary of being taken from, and of seeing Justice undone and the truth obscured, the rich getting richer at the publics expense. By solving the drought and land grabbing conspiracy he has a chance to compensate for the corruption he was forced to watch go unpunished in the past. By saving Evelyn, he can save the woman he lost. The district attorneys assertion to him that â€Å"you may think you know what's going on, but you don't† looms over his thoughts, desperate to right something in the deteriorating world of 1937, L. A. The connection between the character and director are undeniable.

Leukaemia is an abnormal blood cell that travels through the body, depending on the number and where these abnormal cells collect confirms The WritePass Journal

Leukaemia is an abnormal blood cell that travels through the body, depending on the number and where these abnormal cells collect confirms Introduction Leukaemia is an abnormal blood cell that travels through the body, depending on the number and where these abnormal cells collect confirms Introduction1)   Explain the symptoms that Mrs. Brown has been having? (5 marks)2)   Why did the surgeon ask for a familial match first? (2 marks)3) What tests would be carried out on the donated tissue and recipient tissue? Explain how these tests work the cells that are involved? (8 marks)4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What drugs and treatment might be prescribed to Mrs Brown after the transplant? (5 marks) Related Introduction 1)   Explain the symptoms that Mrs. Brown has been having? (5 marks) Leukaemia is an abnormal blood cell that travels through the body, depending on the number and where these abnormal cells collect confirms what type of leukaemia a person might have and their symptoms. Chronic leukaemias are divided into three groups, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), hairy-cell leukaemia (HCL) and chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). The difference between the types of chronic leukaemias is the type of white blood cell that has been cancerous. Both CLL and CML leukaemia’s are a slow growing cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many white blood cells. In CLL the abnormal cells develop from lymphoid blood stem cells and the B cells are cancerous, on the other hand CML is the cause by the change in a chromosome called the Philadelphia chromosome in bone marrow cells that leads to overproduction of white blood cells. Under the microscope HCL looks hairy hence the name hairy cell leukaemia which is a cancer of the blood that is caused by abnormal growth of B c ells, this disease can decrease the normal blood cell level. ( [i] Stevens A. 2009 et al) Mrs Brown shows classic symptoms of chronic leukaemia which means many white cells in the blood, leukaemia cells differ from normal white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system that splits into numerous subgroups with different roles in recognising foreign invaders caused by germs such as viruses and bacteria, when the leukaemia cell overload and increase variety it overtake the space where the normal white blood cell where pushing it into a smaller area, it produces itself where the normal white blood cells are produced which is in the bone marrow and this results in fewer normal white blood cells as well as their survival   and gives rise to the symptoms of chronic leukaemia, when such situations occur, it is usually only a matter of time before clear sign of the disease is detectable. Simplified weakness, weight loss, infections which do not heal, bruise, and joint and bone pain. ( [ii]Montague S.E. 2004 el al) Mrs Brown bruises and unhealing infections can be the lack of red blood cells and platelets to carry oxygen around the body. Another reason can be that the normal white blood cells are not under the normal conditions by reason of leukaemia cells, the cells are immature and do not have the ability to fight foreign invaders as like viral infection. The increasing leukaemia cells cannot fight the disease like normal white blood cell. The synthesis of blood platelets requires bone marrow cells (white blood cells) without it will affect the process of blood clotting and resulting in excessive bleeding and dark patches on the skin, which is due to the build up of these immature white blood cell in the bone marrow. This harmfully affected Mrs Brown’s immune system giving her a cold infection. A different symptom of chronic leukaemia is the growth of hypogammaglobulinemia that affects the immune system, it affects the fight against infection by decreasing the level of gamma globulin ([iii] Furine B. 2003 et al). This condition is highly not likely to be the cause of Mrs Brown infections as it tends effect infant’s antibodies. The reason why Mrs Brown is feel discomfort around here her joints and bone is because there is an increased amount of cancerous leukaemia cells present. Also leukaemia releases harmful chemical substance around the abdominal area kidney, liver, spleen thereby organs becoming inflamed consequences to abdominal pain or discomfort explaining why Mrs Brown felt no appetite consequently suffering from plenty of (unexplained) weight loss. ( [iv] Mazza J.J. 2002 et al )   2)   Why did the surgeon ask for a familial match first? (2 marks) The reason why the surgeon asked for a familial match is to determine the most appropriate donor match by marrow transplantation, it is the process where stem cells from a healthy donor is transferred into the patient’s bone then injected into their bloodstream. Mrs Brown would need a transplant surgery in order to cure or treat the chronic leukaemia. There are two main transplants, the autologous bone marrow transplant where the patient (recipient) themselves are the donor and allogenic bone marrow transplant is when the donor is another person and their tissue has matching genetic type as the recipient. The donated bone marrow must match the patients’ cell, ideal donor is an identical twin because there HLA (human leucocyte antigen) combination is identical with that of the patient most often patient’s brother or sister serves since inheriting their parents genes meaning   matching genetic type stem cells. If Mrs Brown doesn’t have any sibling it is mo re likely that a donor could come from family member or who comes from the same racial or ethnic group because the recipient has higher match tissue character and/or matching genetic type. Transplant surgery can be dangerous if not carried out safely it can cause a deadly infection from toxic bacteria by contamination in the tissue before it gets harvest into the recipient. (Montague S.E. 2004 el al) 3) What tests would be carried out on the donated tissue and recipient tissue? Explain how these tests work the cells that are involved? (8 marks) The test that would be carried out on the donated tissue and recipient are ABO blood type, Human leukocyte antigen typing (HLA-typing) and lastly cross-matching transfusion test. A blood type also knows as blood group is a process which accurately exhibits the type of blood group for individual humans. Blood group is recognized by the antigens protein molecules (such as carbohydrates and glycoprotein) that are found on the outer part of the red blood cell (RBC)and antibodies present in plasma. Antibodies and antigens are the natural defense against every foreign antigen however a persons body normally doesnt make antibodies against its own antigens. Blood typing system are used to provide confirmation of   tissue compatibility for bone marrow transfusion, it divides to four categories   type A, type B, type AB and type O. Blood type are   inherited antigenic substances from both parents. Blood type is important during   blood transfusion or an organ transplant, in the case of organ transplants the donors’ organ tissue has to necessity match the recipients blood type, without a positive match the transplant can not be performed because a mismatch   can cause negative response. ([v]Yashon Cummings 2009) Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) creates each person’s tissue unique by proteins on white blood cells. The antigens expressed on the external of the lymphocytes of the donor are matched against the recipient. Human leukocyte antigen typing (HLA-typing) is executed by bone marrow or blood stem cell transplant, it is tested by comparing the persons HLA tissue which are HLA, A, B, C, and DR proteins. The HLA-typing test is used to provide evidence of tissue compatibility and the transplant tolerates by the recipient, siblings are the ideal donor match given that they may have inherited the same HLA type. ([vi] Hoffbrand . 2006 et al) Cross-matching is the concluding stage in the transfusion testing. The blood of the donor with the same ABO and Rh type as the recipient is elected. The procedure of cross-matching involves the patient’s serum having antibodies mixed with donor’s red blood cells (RBCs) containing a particular blood type antigen. If clumping or agglutination occurs the blood is not compatible indicates unwanted antigen-antibody reaction meaning that the serum’s antibodies attacked and attached on the donor’s RBCs antigen. If agglutination does not occur the blood is compatible indicates compatibility between the donor’s blood and the recipient’s blood. ([vii] Brandeau 2004 et al) 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What drugs and treatment might be prescribed to Mrs Brown after the transplant? (5 marks) The first step in treating the cancerous white blood cells, is chemotherapy followed after a bone marrow transplant and finishing off with after care drug treatments. Treatment of leukaemia options bases on the type and level of disease and overall health and age of the patient. Chemotherapy is used to kill cancer cells such as chronic leukaemia destroying the patient’s bone marrow a high dose completely destroys the remaining cancer cells in the body. Chemotherapy for leukaemia can involve a single drug or a combination is this is because different drugs show attack to the leukaemia cells in different ways. Example of combination drugs are cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone. The drug combination also avoids chronic leukaemia cells from becoming resistant to any one drug. ([viii]Norworthy 2011 et al) When the chemotherapy stage is complete the patient’s blood cell level is low, the requirement of blood and stem cell transfusion is next. In between these two procedures antibiotic drugs are provided this is vital because of a lack of white blood cells in the recipient tissue. Bone marrow transplant or also know as stem cell transplant, is the replacement of the recipient’s diseased bone marrow with donor’s healthy bone marrow. The procedure involves an injection into the bone marrow receiving a mixture of blood forming stem cells that travel to the bone marrow where they originate to produce new red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. ([ix]Ivan 1997) Reference:   Stevens A. Lowe J. Scott I.(2009) Core Pathology, 3th Edition, Mosby Elsevier, UK. Susan M. Hinchliff, Susan E. Montague, Roger Watson.(2004)Physiology for Nursing Practice 2nd Edition, Bailliere Tindall, United Kingdom. Furine B, Cassiileth P.A, Atkins M.B Mayer R.J(2003) Clinical Haematology One Oncology: Presentation, Diagnosis and Treaments.1st Edition, Churchill Livingstone, Hong Kong. Mazza J.J. (2002) Manual of Clinical Haematology, 3th Edition, Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Philadelphia. Yashon R.K Cummings M.R (2009) Human Genetics Society 1st Edition Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning USA Hoffbrand A.V, Moss P.A.H, Pettit J.E (2006) Essential Haematology, 5th Edition, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Australia. Brandeau M.L, Sainfort F and Pierskalla W.P (2004)Operations Research and Health Care: A handbook of Methods Applications 1st Edition Kluwer Academic Publishers, United State of America Norwothy G.D, Crystal M.A Tilley L.P (2011) The Feline Patient 4th Eidtion Wiley BlackWell, United State of America, Ivan M. Roitt   (1997) Roitt’s Essential Immunology 9th Edition, Blackwell Science, Australia

Natural Disasters in the Caribbean Essay Example

Natural Disasters in the Caribbean Essay Example Natural Disasters in the Caribbean Paper Natural Disasters in the Caribbean Paper The natural disasters that are typically experienced in the Caribbean can have catastrophic and devastating impacts on the environment, economic development and social structure of these islands. Severe damage to the built infrastructure that has supported communities on Caribbean islands for decades can place a huge strain on economic activity. The social impacts that are experienced following natural disasters consist of homelessness, injury, suffering, sickness, disease, and even death. This paper will introduce the ajar natural disasters that have affected life in the Caribbean and they include hurricanes, earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, flooding and tsunamis. Other than Barbados, all Windward Islands of the Caribbean are of volcanic origin. Volcanoes are ruptures in the earths surface that allow for the escape of lava and gas. The two types of volcanic eruptions, explosive and effusive, can both have devastating consequences on the environment and the Caribbean inhabitants. Although not a common occurrence, several volcanic eruptions have take place on Caribbean islands. For example, an eruption on SST. Vincent in 1979 left economic losses of 1 billion dollars, but fortunately no casualties. Flooding is another very impact natural disaster that is one of the more common types of natural disasters to greatly affect CAROM countries. Sometimes called the silent killer, flooding can greatly affect socio-economic development. Whether it is coastal or river flooding, it has the ability to greatly damage the agricultural landscape as well as introduce water-borne disease that can lead to death in local inhabitants. There is a disproportionate vulnerability of CAROM countries to natural disaster demonstrated by the numerous events that have occurred over the last few hundred years. The intrinsic vulnerability is due to the small size of Caribbean islands, their insularity and remoteness, and the economic, environmental and demographic factors that are associated with these islands. Furthermore, there is limited hazard forecasting ability for several CAROM countries. The CAROM countries are geographically set in a location that makes them vulnerable to natural disasters. The Caribbean climate is tropical and temperatures range between approximately ICC and ICC throughout all islands as a whole. The prevailing trade winds along with year round sunny skies set a warm climate for CAROM countries with both dry and wet season. Precipitation depends on the elevation of the island and is also effected by water currents. The environmental impacts of Caribbean natural disasters are correlated with the large coastal zones on the numerous islands and the damage can vary from affecting the entire landscape or the falling on one tree. It was noted that from 1960-1989, hurricanes in the Greater Caribbean Basin resulted in the deaths of 28,000 people, disrupted the lives of 6 million people and destroyed property worth U. S. $16 billion. All the Caribbean nations that have already faced the fury of the hurricane Sandy and have had to fight back by burying the dead, finding shelter for the homeless and counting the economic losses. Sandy moved northwards with gusts in over 1 10 MPH destroying homes, crops and roads on its way. More than 69 people were killed in six countries.