What do you think should be Project Procurements added contribution in Essay

What do you think should be Project Procurements added contribution in the likely difficult economic climate for business in 2012 - Essay Example The Project Management Institute (2004, 269) defines this as the process of acquiring or purchasing the results, products or services required from outside the team members of the project to perform the work. The essay will discuss the added value that project procurement may bring in the volatile and diffi9cult 2012 business environment. In order to understanding the added value that comes with project procurement, one needs to properly understanding the project procurement process. The first steps involved in the process include planning, acquisitions and purchases (Walker and Rowlinson, 2008). In this stage, the needs of the project that require outsourcing are identified after which the sources for obtaining the required results, goods or services are differentiated by conducting a market analysis.The next step is planning the procurement as noted by Walker and Rowlinson (2008). Here, the objectives of the project are reviewed to ensure that the acquisition activities do not differ from the objectives of the project. Wysocki et al. (2000) explain that the completion of this step includes pointing out the resources required for the acquisition to take place, the determination of the type of contract to be engaged in so as to secure the acquisition, and finally, procurement management plan preparation. The other three steps that need to be completed before project procurement is conducted are requesting seller responses, selecting sellers, and contract planning according to Wysocki et al (2000). In contract planning, the products or services required are described in detail. Vendors are then identified and the best is chosen based on their ability to provide the results, goods or services required (Cheung et al, 2001).After successful vendor selection, the contract is negotiated. This is the forth step, also known as contract administration. This is when the

George W. Bush more like T. Roosevelt as opposed to Taft and Wilson Essay Example for Free

George W. Bush more like T. Roosevelt as opposed to Taft and Wilson Essay President George W. Bush’s post September 11th policy certainly shows great resemblances to President Theodore Roosevelt’s foreign policy more than that of Taft or Wilson. Roosevelt had a more stern policy, encouraging the forceful defense of the nation and the spreading of democracy and Christian ideals to less fortunate countries. This was very much so a direct correlation to what Bush tried to do Taft’s policy emphasized economic ideals in that he argued the US should lend out money and help countries elevate their economic status in order for the promotion of peace and prosperity throughout the world. Wilson’s policy emphasized morality, and the â€Å"nice guy† standpoint of how the US should carry out obligations. Consequently, President George Bush’s policy is a better reflection of President Theodore Roosevelt’s policy more than Taft’s or Wilson’s policy because of the military and political ideals that the two policies share. President Bush’s post September 11 policy reflects Roosevelt’s is because of the swift, stern actions that Bush’s administration took after the attacks on the nation. As Bush sent the troops over to Iraq quickly and in great numbers, the administration sent a candid and stern message. The United States would not stand for an attack on its soil, and those who did so would receive grave punishment for their actions. This message echoes the morals behind the â€Å"big Stick† policy. Just as Theodore Roosevelt once said, â€Å"Speak softly and carry a big stick.† Theodore Roosevelt believed that power was an important and unavoidable thing in foreign affairs. He also noted in his addition to the Monroe Doctrine (called the Roosevelt Corollary) that if any nation in the Western Hemisphere appeared in a political or fiscal situation that would allow for European control, the US should intervene. With an imperialistic outlook on the world, Roosevelt made the US a nation that constantly intervened and helped Latin American countries avoid European interference in the Western Hemisphere. Examples of this lie in Theodore Roosevelt actions when he made Cuba a protectorate, took Guam and Puerto Rico, as well as when he ventured out and involved the United States in the counterinsurgency of the Philippines all in order to fortify the existence of democracy and Christianity and help the individuals of the nations govern themselves. These ideals and policies were mirrored in Bush’s actions when the US troops inhabited the Middle East, and the Bush administration took it upon itself to take advantage of their occupancy of the lands by spreading its ideals of democracy and ‘correct’ political procedures. By doing this, the Bush Administration had essentially identified these locations in the Middle East as lesser fortunate nations, deemed themselves fit to help these regions, and force their ‘help’ past the governments of the regions and to the people. This decision and series of actions greatly resembles the actions and opinions of Roosevelt’s Corollary. Taft’s policy by contrast, was more of the United States venturing out to foreign land allowing for each foreign nation’s gradual acquiring of political and economic power through US investment in the countries’ infrastructures, which has little to do with Bush’s initial choice to attack the Middle East after September 11. Taft used Dollar Diplomacy, instead of military force. He wanted control and to aid businessmen in the US, and was in strong favor of solving problems via economic means rather than militarily. He saw his policy as humanitarian, for stabilization improved the living scale and conditions. For instance, in Nicaragua during 1912, the government would default on its debts, which might mean European intervention. The US offered to loan money (by private men) if the US could have some supervision over Nicaraguan finances. Bush’s post September 11 policy does not mirror this because he was in favor of military force and making it known militarily that the US could not be attacked without grave punishment. Wilson however based his policy on Morality. Bush’s post September 11th policy did not wholly reflect Wilson’s policy because Wilson’s Missionary policy aimed more in the direction of seeking peace and prosperity by means of creating pathways for institutions to branch out globally while Bush’s aim after the September 11 attacks was to retaliate forcefully and brutally (neither of which was peaceful). For instance, when the Japanese attempted, in the notorious Twenty-one Demands (1915), to reduce China almost to the status of a Japanese protectorate, he persuaded them to modify their conditions slightly. The Twenty-One Demands required that China immediately cease its leasing of territory to foreign powers and to ascent to Japanese control over Manchuria and Shandong (Shantung) among other demands. Such persuasion as opposed to attack and forcefully making the US point reveals the difference between Bush’s and Wilson’s policy. Consequently, it is evident that President Bush’s post September 11 policy best resembles Roosevelt’s â€Å"big stick† diplomacy. Roosevelt’s policy was based on pragmatism as well as the idea of the nation’s obligatory retaliation to threats and attacks on the nation’s soil. His belief in the United States’ obligation to help foreign nations in need of political/military assistance is also a part of his policy. After the September 11th attacks, each of these ideals was echoed in President George W. Bush’s new foreign policy in that he reacted to the tragedy through military retaliation and force. Additionally once occupying the lands, the Bush administration chose to assist the Iraqi people and help them acquire the democratic ideals the US holds so dearly.

Eulogy for Grandmother :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for Grandmother Theresa Smith was born on December 3, 1925 in Materson, NJ. She died in Williamsville on March 2, 2005, at age 80. Theresa Smith was great grandmother of one, grandmother of five of us, mother of three, sibling of three sisters and two brothers, and wife to one great man, my grandfather, Ron Smith. It's hard for me to reflect upon my grandmother's life because I was part of it for a little less than half its span. A lot of ideas went through my head at a million miles an hour, few of them stuck with me. One thought I had after my uncle asked me to consider saying a few words was that it was hard to understand my grandmother without also knowing my grandfather. My grandmother and grandfather got married in 1938. They spent a lot of their early married life in the Morristown, NJ area where my grandfather was a schoolteacher and later a principal. He earned his doctorate in education during that time, which ultimately allowed him to become a professor at Glassboro State College in Southern New Jersey. They moved to Glassboro in the late 1950s with their children, Sharon and Dennis. This was my grandparent's home until around the time my grandfather died in 1982. During this period, my grandmother managed to have a 20-year career as an elementary school teacher and a remedial reading teacher at the elementary and middle school levels. I think the reason that she taught at that time was because she was committed to helping the community, and we would continue to see this trait in her when she volunteered at hospitals in North Jersey and in this area, later in life. My grandfather was the kind of man who loved my grandmother and supported her in every way, including her career. He was well known in New Jersey and probably throughout the country as a leader of the New Jersey Education Association and the New Jersey Retired Educators' Association. He wrote several books on educational practice and educational law in the State of New Jersey. My grandparents had a great life together. They traveled extensively, particularly after they retired. They visited their children and grandchildren often, and were very involved in our lives and what mattered to us. It was a tremendous shock to all of us when my grandfather passed away in 1982. Eulogy for Grandmother :: Eulogies Eulogy Eulogy for Grandmother Theresa Smith was born on December 3, 1925 in Materson, NJ. She died in Williamsville on March 2, 2005, at age 80. Theresa Smith was great grandmother of one, grandmother of five of us, mother of three, sibling of three sisters and two brothers, and wife to one great man, my grandfather, Ron Smith. It's hard for me to reflect upon my grandmother's life because I was part of it for a little less than half its span. A lot of ideas went through my head at a million miles an hour, few of them stuck with me. One thought I had after my uncle asked me to consider saying a few words was that it was hard to understand my grandmother without also knowing my grandfather. My grandmother and grandfather got married in 1938. They spent a lot of their early married life in the Morristown, NJ area where my grandfather was a schoolteacher and later a principal. He earned his doctorate in education during that time, which ultimately allowed him to become a professor at Glassboro State College in Southern New Jersey. They moved to Glassboro in the late 1950s with their children, Sharon and Dennis. This was my grandparent's home until around the time my grandfather died in 1982. During this period, my grandmother managed to have a 20-year career as an elementary school teacher and a remedial reading teacher at the elementary and middle school levels. I think the reason that she taught at that time was because she was committed to helping the community, and we would continue to see this trait in her when she volunteered at hospitals in North Jersey and in this area, later in life. My grandfather was the kind of man who loved my grandmother and supported her in every way, including her career. He was well known in New Jersey and probably throughout the country as a leader of the New Jersey Education Association and the New Jersey Retired Educators' Association. He wrote several books on educational practice and educational law in the State of New Jersey. My grandparents had a great life together. They traveled extensively, particularly after they retired. They visited their children and grandchildren often, and were very involved in our lives and what mattered to us. It was a tremendous shock to all of us when my grandfather passed away in 1982.

The First Step in Nation

Packed in Mt. Zion A. M. E. Church, a number of black women had gathered to hear Mary Church Terrell talk about ‘the modern women’. Oblivious of the heat and the perspiration which thoroughly soaked their dresses, the women were eager to hear what Mary Church Terrell as an educator and first president of the National Association of Coloured women had to say. The women were not disappointed, as Terrell looked like the ‘modern woman’ she was telling about. Her graceful walk and speaking captivated the crowd. She talked about educating less fortunate black women, organizing themselves and improving their communities.The representatives of different clubs had joined hands to organize the National Association of Coloured women in order to put forward a formal protest against an insulting letter written by the white president of the Missouri Press Association, James Jacks. Terrell went on to talk about Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, and other women who had worke d for the race, making such a permanent impression on the women, that they were ready to follow the footsteps of their ancestors. One of the women who heard this speech was Fields, a teacher already active in community work.She was a member of Charleston City Federation of women’s club, which specialized in homemaking, helping the disadvantaged, raising funds to help wayward black girls and improving the conditions. She also helped to set up the Priscilla club which served the impoverished black areas, building homes, setting up a United Service Organization for black soldiers during the World War I and later on urging the city officials to hire black teachers. All over the country, black women were helping to shape, mold and direct the thought of their race, in time for an organized female resistance movement.The members of the National Association of Coloured women (NACW) set to solving interlocking problems involving race, gender and poverty. According to them, the problem s of a race could be solved by solving the problems of its women. A story reported sixteen years before Terrell’s speech explains why that period in African- American history is known as Nadir. According to it, a 12- year old black boy narrowly escaped from being lynched by a mob of white boys, all of them in their early teenage years.As an editor of Richmond Planet, a black weekly, ‘lynching was demoralizing to young and old equally and the children did what they saw the adults doing. ’ The time from 1880 to 1930 was the most savage and demoralizing time for the black people. Lynching was a common practice and was often performed as a ritual. African- American’s loss of civil values was just one of the manifestations of the white lawlessness. Blacks were separated from whites in public, schools and related things. Black people dealt with the racism by forming their own institutions and retreated into them.The institution which thrived the most during this period was the Church. The Church became a ground for political discussions and position of power and leadership. Societies were formed by the Church or were joined with it, due to which they got a central position in black social, political and economic life. During this time of retrenchment, black women clubs rose to importance and formed sister clubs all over the country. By the time the NACW brought them together, the number was too high to keep count of. The clubs worked on one principle which was ‘self-help’.They focused on educating mothers and improving the home life. Mother clubs were formed which focused on teaching mothers about home life, educating their children, and protecting their neighborhoods. Women clubs raised money to buy lands on which they made parks, schools, colleges, libraries and hospitals. They also worked on helping black women migrate from rural areas to urban by getting them settled down in their new surroundings, which were often hostile and dangerous. Educational courses were also offered.With time the work became so much that the local federations encouraged clubs to coordinate and take bigger projects then what a single club could have not possibly handled. With time more and more clubs came under NACW, making the structure more complex and projects undertaken more sophisticated. Different departments were formed which kept on increasing with time and the projects undertaken. The philosophy behind the women clubs enabled the women to take action when at one time such was completely unthought-of. Women organization was the first step in nation making according to one of the early presidents of NACW, Josephine Silone Yates.This banding together of the black women was showing the rest of the race a way to move forward, out of the shadows of the past and a way to facing the challenges of the new era. Even with the success of the women clubs, lynching, racism, disfranchisement, race riots were still in power. An edit orial in ‘women’s era’ asked the weak and timid men to step aside and let the women take charge. Women thought that the black men were more a part of the problem, claiming that the men had sold their votes for a mess of pottage., which was something that a black woman would never do. Leaders like Anna Julia Cooper believed that black women could make a lot more headway as compared to men when it came to race problems. Association leaders thought that women would be far more suited for issues related to social welfare then men, due to their moral, nurturing and selfless nature. Cooper’s sense of confidence was nourished by the sense of equality with the black men. While whites had set their differences between men and women, blacks had no such issues.During slavery, black men and women had equal status, had endured incredible hardships along with men, due to which both sex had equal footing in matter of equality. Racism severely limited the lives of black m en though some did vote and held political positions. The fact that black men held a larger area then women was completely insignificant, for women who proclaimed that it was the ‘women era’. Club women didn’t compare the positions held by the men with their positions. They only thought about their goal which was the abolition of racism. Some scholars argued the differences of goals of the black women from the white.The implications of the respective goals of white and black were different because of the difference of context of black and white women’s efforts were different. The end of 19th century was good for the black people, not only because the blacks were responding to the new industrial environment but also to racism repression. Black men at this time were heavily targeted leaving behind the women to deal with the pressures of life. From it became clear that the black women were handling far more burdens then their white counterparts. Also it becam e clear that the black women thought that the white women were also a part of the problem.Till now the black women were considered inferior clubwomen, but now they demanded equality. Black women thought that white women would be able to play a vital role in finishing racism, lynching and their effects. But the women were soon sourly disappointed as they found out that white women had the same thoughts as their men, and when they tried to set themselves apart, they became a burden which the black women had been carrying for so long. Other then a few white women organizations, the rest of the organizations were clearly ‘anti-black’.When friendly organizations asked black women to speak, they asked the crowd to support the black women. The all-white General federation of women’s clubs (GFWC) was openly hostile and in one of their newsletters wrote an offensive story about a marriage between a black and a white. This story was like a warning against inviting black wo men to white women clubs. This story also indirectly told the blacks that they would always be inferior to the whites due to the ‘invisible drop’ of black blood in their veins, no matter how much they got educated or learned, traveled or had talents.Even if these actions hurt the black women, they didn’t let it discourage them from their goal. The first step to nation building was NACW’s belief that the progress of the race was marked by the progress of its women. Even the black Nationalist Martin Delany couldn’t speak about black problems because he knew nothing about the hard working men and women from the south. The position of women became strong in this case as women were the centre of the community and knew the feeling of oppression, both as a woman and as a black.When a black woman spoke, she spoke the voice of the masses, and when the black women were free, the entire black race would be free. Not only the women believed it, the black men al so soon took to the notion of women leading their race. A book named ‘noted negro women’ was also written which told about the achievements of black women and the progress of Negros since slavery. Now that men and women were thinking alike, the only issue which also became a hot topic of discussion in club meetings was how women would lead the race.According to Alice White, a clubwoman from Montgomery, if thee home was at peace, then the women were in power. If homes were pure and teachings were pure, then from these homes, people with strong intellect, morals and religion would come. Others thought that woman should assume wide- ranging roles which would help the community. No one argued that home was the first battle ground or what NACW was doing for the community. Addie Dickerson believed that homes were the building blocks of a nation and if they were strong enough then the nation would be strong as well.She also believed that women had to fight against Jim Crow and join hands with both races to improve the economic conditions of black women who were working out of their homes. Women also insisted that women should vote so that they could have political rights which could help in the reforming. Cooper argued that the time had come for women’s personal independence, moral and intellectual development, political activity, and a voice of her own. These philosophies influenced the ideological discussion which was taking place between the club leaders.All women agreed to strengthen the foundation of their homes. But some wanted more, the ones who approved to suffrage and activism. The debate over this issue increased the differences between Washington and Du Boris. No matter how different the ideas or opinions of the people were, they had the same base. They had suffered humiliating experiences, rejected from clubs and moreover, they all believed that women would save the day. Black women also thought that they would stay above part politics unlike men, who were ineffective in dealing with race issues.Terrell thought that the worst a black woman could do was to bring a corrupt politician in the association, and also that it was important that women protested against the system which took away their rights. For NACW, unity didn’t come naturally. On same issues, the clubs put their best efforts to stick together. Clubwomen wanted to prove to the world that their image about black women was wrong. Black women are able to voice their concerns, their problems. When making a case, the women saw their differences and realized that not all black women could meet their standards.Also the clubwomen argued that the entire race was not equal, just as whites have their immoral class, lacks also have one. These women also questioned themselves as to why did the white people judge them only for their bad points? Club women wanted to end discrimination and wanted it to be marked their own success. NACW had already taken first s tep in nation building by helping others just as they help themselves. The very existence of NACW mean that black women had a defender with a national voice. The records of the club were impressive and at the end of the century it proposed a very bold plan.At the time when white women were choosing between careers or homes, NACW announced that black women will do what men do, as well as what a woman will do. Convinced that black issues were same, they spoke publicly against black men and oppression. Also they didn’t feel that their feminism would tear apart the movement into camps. The club members only saw wisdom in their approach towards black poverty, same as they saw only congruity in their race and gender. Before he even penned down the term, both conservative and activists accepted Du Boris’s philosophy.Clubwomen unlike the more modern black women leaders didn’t hesitate to represent the lower class. These women were proud of their work because they felt i t was their duty to talk to them. Where all the NACW women were proud of their achievements, the also had a reason for dread. They couldn’t forever keep ignoring the differences which separated them, for some issues were too serious, too pivotal to the future of black people. The most serious issue was that the race might not raise higher then its women. Many questions rose. Will the whites accept the association? What would happen if the status didn’t rise high?What if the programs didn’t benefit the black women? In the end it was concluded that the ideology did justice to female black activism, but if it failed the entire blame would come on the women. Twentieth century progressed and with it progressed the idea that challenges would be met by more competent women who had more knowledge and experience then the women of 1896, who were sure that would change the world history. Work Cited African &Americans. (n. d. ). National Association of Colored Women's Clubs , Inc. October 12, 2008.

Teenagers Represented In The Media

Teenagers used to be the forgotten group in society. The ones who are stuck between being â€Å"cute kids† and â€Å"responsible adults.† But all that's been changing over the last twenty years or so, as the media realizes that teens are slowly getting a voice in society, but are these changes good or bad? The media represents teenagers in a very conventional way, stereotyped by their appearance, sex, and personality. Different varieties of media are meant to do different things. Some of the media's many roles are to display the truth, make the viewer aware and to entertain. Most of the media presents an inaccurate and negative portrayal of adolescents today according to their appearance, sex, personality and age, among other things. Most teenagers in the media are represented as attractive, confident and white, which may make teenagers feel pressurised to fit in with the medias representation of them and so if they don't fit these categories making them uncomfortable with their own bodies. I think the media should have a wider variety of races, looks and personalities to show teenagers they don't have to have fit in with the typical image of them as shown in the media. The media highlights the exciting events in teenagers lives, e.g dancing at parties, getting drunk, spending money and generally having a good time, but they don't always show the more depressing parts of teenagers lives such as bullying, exams, insecurities etc, which seems more important There are many TV programmes today that focus on wealthy, glamorous lifestyles of teenagers that come form extremely privileged backgrounds, many people enjoy these programmes as it gives them a chance to escape from the reality of their own lives and see it from other peoples. Although some other programmes look at the more realistic lifestyles, where teenagers have to work hard and don't just have everything handed to them on a plate, many people watch these as they can relate to them and understand where characters are coming from. Although in all these lifestyles the teenage characters do go through many dramatic, emotional experiences and events. A lot of the media shows teenagers partying every night, always out and getting up to mischief e.g. taking drugs, having fights etc. In Skins, a teenage drama, a character called Effy sneaks out her house in the middle of the night, burns a bus, goes out to a deserted warehouse, where she takes various drugs with boys and finally ends up in a party at a random person's house where she collapse from a drug overdose. Later her brother finds her, she is then rushed to hospital and ends up moving school; this all happens in the space of a few days. In reality most teenagers' lives are a lot more boring, dull and uneventful, for example they generally spend most of their time studying, using the Internet at home and watching TV etc. Often their characters are exaggerated as well as events and situations. In a lot of teenage dramas the characters are unrealistic for example in the TV series Eastenders there is a teenage boy, Stephen, who is evil and manipulative, he turns his own sister against their family, while everyone thinks he is kind and good, in real life teenagers are not like this, they aren't as controlling or manipulative. Although teenagers are represented positively in many parts of the media, programmes such as the OC show characters like Marissa and Ryan acting kindly and maturely e.g. when Marissa sees a man being mugged, she comes to help him and calls the police this shows she is caring and responsible, which is a positive image of teenagers in the media. In conclusion Teenagers in the media are shown in lots of different ways, often as being a problem to society e.g. controlling, rude and disrespectful, this is shown in soaps, dramas, movies and news, it gives out a very negative image on teenagers, which isn't always fair. Teenagers can be represented positively, helping the community and being polite and social although this is not usually the case. Mainly teenagers are shown in a negative way and their characters and dilemmas are not realistic.

Essay on Executive Skills

Essay on Executive Skills Essay on Executive Skills Essay on Executive SkillsThere are millions of organizations all over the world nowadays. They all have various aims, financial support, forms of ownership and so on. However they all have one feature in common, namely there is a need to build the structure of any organization, in order to guarantee its proper functioning. The term â€Å"organization chart† was used at the beginning of the twentieth century for the first time. Since that moment, all organizations started to apply organization chart with the aim of subdivision of the organization into smaller constituent parts, which sufficiently simplifies the process of work organization as well as control of work fulfillment. The general definition of the term â€Å"organization chart† states, that this is a â€Å"diagram that shows the structure of an organization and the relationships and relative ranks of its parts and positions/jobs† (Kaliski, 2001: 3). Thus in this paper the issues, related to the organiza tion structure and organization chart will be discussed; separate attention will be paid to the importance of the organizational structure and its major characteristics and types.  Any type of work or production should be organized in the proper way, in order to guarantee its efficiency and work without standstills, thus organization is always considered to be a vitally important part of the management process. Often organization is considered to be the process and the organizational structure is the result of this process. In other words, the process of organizing enables the best use of the resources and their management, in order to reach the suggested goals. â€Å"The term Organization is derived from the word organism which means a structure of body divided into parts that are held together by a fabric of relationship as one organic whole† (Robbins and Judge, 2007: 69). There are usually a lot of people, working in one company, they are united into some departments, ea ch of them is working in some concrete sphere. However, the general goals of the company can be reached only under the condition, that every worker, every department is able to fulfill the necessary function, and then as the result to reach the set goals. In order to coordinate their work and combine their effort, organization structure is needed. Organization is responsible for administration, direction and control of the work performance. In order to achieve the needed goals, based on the available materials and human resources, the proper organization should guarantee their correct usage, and avoiding of wastage. Still all the companies are different, thus they need different types of organizations, corresponding to the concrete tasks and type of work, number of workers and so on. This is done first of all with the help of creation of the organization chart, which is â€Å"a diagram showing graphically the relation of one official to another, or others, of a company† (Mile s and Snow, 1992: 13). Also it is used for establishing relations between various departments for the sake of their successful functioning. Some huge organizations are split into several charts for convenience. Some concrete form of making the organization chart was not worked, it is important to put the head department on the top and the rest should be below correspondingly to their positions and their ranks. For better visualization, the names of the departments or concrete persons are put in boxes or circles. With the help of usual direct lines it is possible to show the relations between departments and positions.Some of the reasons, why creating of the organization is important were already mentioned. Still it is necessary to list all of them.   There are usually a lot of people working at any company, all of them performing certain concrete activities in relation to their position, their educational basis and their work experience. Organization in this case could guarantee t hat each worker is performing the appropriate function. At the same time it is really important not only for individual workers, but also for all departments to perform their functions in the most coordinated system, balancing correctly all the resources and energy. Organization also contributes to better division of the work between workers and their managers and top managers, as it is always important to delegate the routine duties to the workers, leaving the top managers to solve more sophisticated problems. Proper organization provides the chances for all workers and managers, at all levels, to increase their creativity and continue their self- development and self- realization, which is really important for quicker and more productive performance of each individual worker as well as the company in general. â€Å"Effective administration of business will not be possible without the support of sound organization structure. Delegation, departmentation and decentralization are the tools for effective administration† (Robbins and Judge, 2007: 72). Only under the condition, that every worker is fully aware of his responsibility, it is possible to seize control over the work done and have it performed in the best possible way. Organization is one of the tools, which could be used by the manager to describe the level of responsibility to each worker and be sure, that they have absolute understanding of it.In case there are various technologies and equipment involved into the operating process of the company, there is a need to keep them in constant order and under constant control. So, organization helps to create the scheme of proper maintenance and installation process for the necessary equipment.It was already mentioned above, that there are several types of organizations, the main are: line, functional, line and staff organization structure. Line organization is sometimes referred to as military/scalar organization and is considered to be one of the fi rst and thus the simplest form of organization. Its second name, related to army is explained by the fact, that for the first time it appeared during the times, when the Roman army was formed, and afterwards it was used by other armies in various countries. Some time later, when the first factories started to appear in England, this form of organization was also used by the owners. The structure of the line organization is rather simple, because the authority is moving from the top level to the low levels step by step. Sometimes this form is called vertical organization because of this feature. The top management is responsible for taking all important decisions and for giving the corresponding orders to the general managers, whose task is to pass them to the executive departments of the company. The responsibility in such organization form is moving from the lowest level to the top management. This type of organization is rather old, however due to its advantages is still in use no wadays. First of all it is simple and easy to understand by all workers, both by managers and their subordinates and causes no questions related to authority. The process of decision – making is simple at all levels. Discipline is also supported by this type of organization, because it is absolutely clear, how the system of authority is built. Line type of organization provides all chances for further development to talented and experienced workers.Another type of organization is functional, suggested by the founder of scientific management – F.W. Tailor. â€Å"According to him, it is unscientific to overload a foramen with the entire responsibility of running a department† (Robbins and Judge, 2007: 74). In his organization he involved eight foremen, who would bear the responsibility for directing and controlling of the work process. Other workers are to follow all the instructions, given by the foremen. Taylor suggested dividing the management in accordance to concrete specialization. For example there is sales’ manager and sales department in his subordination, this means, that each manager and his department are working within the limits of his area of authority and responsibility. Nowadays a lot of big companies and production enterprises are applying exactly this type of organization, because it allows putting the narrow specialists to the proper positions, guaranteeing the best efficiency of their work fulfilled.   At the same time, each of the eight managers is responsible for his concrete sphere of work and this provides all possibilities to him to concentrate better on the concrete tasks and problems.The line and organization structure is based on the principle that â€Å"line executives and staff (specialists) are combined together. The line executives are doers whereas staff refers to experts and act as thinkers† (Miles and Snow, 1992: 29). Execution of the plans and policies of the company in this organization s tructure is the task of the line executives. All the research activities belong to the spheres of staff workers’ responsibility. Staff specialists are regarded â€Å"thinkers† and the line executives – â€Å"the ones who execute† their plans. For such organization it is really important to make the concrete border between line and staff workers and their functions and be sure, that these functions are evident to both groups, otherwise, instead of mutually efficient cooperation there will be conflicts and standstills. It is important to make all the workers realize, that staff and line functions are absolutely different, at the same time mutually supportive and only proper fulfillment of both could guarantee the successful work of the company in general.All types of organization usually are supported by the organization charts. George Terry defined the organization chart as â€Å"a diagrammatical form which shows important aspects of an Organization, incl uding the major functions and their respective relationships, the channels of supervision and the relative authority of each employee who is in-charge of each respective function (Miles and Snow, 1992: 32). Thus in other words, the organizational chart is the diagrammatical presentation of the formal structure of the organization. It is possible to trace of the lines of authority and communication channels with the help of it, as well as receive the clear understanding of the supervision among various company departments and units. There are three types of organization charts: vertical, horizontal, departmental and circular charts. Vertical chart is one of the most popular ones, it represents the highest jobs on the top and step by step goes down to the other jobs. The lines of authority and lines of communication contribute to better understanding of the way, how these jobs coexist with each other. Horizontal chart – is the representation of the organizational structure in t he form of pyramid. (Miles and Snow, 1992: 35). Circular chart presents the top management in the center of a circle, whereas other levels are placed in concentric circles. Finally the departmental chart is created for one concrete department, defining the authority levels and the responsibilities within this department only.The organization charts play important role for operating of any company, because they provide the understanding by all managers of the positions of authorities and relationships within the organization structure. Organization charts also contribute to better contribution of the tasks and responsibilities between workers of the company, avoiding doing double work and overlapping of the functions. The availability of the manpower and other resources could be clearly understood with the help of the organization chart. In cases, when some mistakes are made, it also contributes to understanding of the reasons for these mistakes as well as helps to work out the furth er plan to avoid them in the future.Overall, this paper presents a brief explanation of the notions of organizational structure and organization chart; there is a list of reasons explored, explaining, why application of the organizational structure is so important for proper functioning of any company and organization. The main types of the organizational structure were discussed in relation to the better work organization within each concrete company, depending on the number of workers, number of departments, fields of production or operating and so on. Further the definition along with short description of the notion â€Å"organization chart† is provided, discussing in detail the types of the organization charts and their characteristics. Essay on Executive Skills Essay on Executive Skills Essay on Executive SkillsThere are millions of organizations all over the world nowadays. They all have various aims, financial support, forms of ownership and so on. However they all have one feature in common, namely there is a need to build the structure of any organization, in order to guarantee its proper functioning. The term â€Å"organization chart† was used at the beginning of the twentieth century for the first time. Since that moment, all organizations started to apply organization chart with the aim of subdivision of the organization into smaller constituent parts, which sufficiently simplifies the process of work organization as well as control of work fulfillment. The general definition of the term â€Å"organization chart† states, that this is a â€Å"diagram that shows the structure of an organization and the relationships and relative ranks of its parts and positions/jobs† (Kaliski, 2001: 3). Thus in this paper the issues, related to the organiza tion structure and organization chart will be discussed; separate attention will be paid to the importance of the organizational structure and its major characteristics and types.  Any type of work or production should be organized in the proper way, in order to guarantee its efficiency and work without standstills, thus organization is always considered to be a vitally important part of the management process. Often organization is considered to be the process and the organizational structure is the result of this process. In other words, the process of organizing enables the best use of the resources and their management, in order to reach the suggested goals. â€Å"The term Organization is derived from the word organism which means a structure of body divided into parts that are held together by a fabric of relationship as one organic whole† (Robbins and Judge, 2007: 69). There are usually a lot of people, working in one company, they are united into some departments, ea ch of them is working in some concrete sphere. However, the general goals of the company can be reached only under the condition, that every worker, every department is able to fulfill the necessary function, and then as the result to reach the set goals. In order to coordinate their work and combine their effort, organization structure is needed. Organization is responsible for administration, direction and control of the work performance. In order to achieve the needed goals, based on the available materials and human resources, the proper organization should guarantee their correct usage, and avoiding of wastage. Still all the companies are different, thus they need different types of organizations, corresponding to the concrete tasks and type of work, number of workers and so on. This is done first of all with the help of creation of the organization chart, which is â€Å"a diagram showing graphically the relation of one official to another, or others, of a company† (Mile s and Snow, 1992: 13). Also it is used for establishing relations between various departments for the sake of their successful functioning. Some huge organizations are split into several charts for convenience. Some concrete form of making the organization chart was not worked, it is important to put the head department on the top and the rest should be below correspondingly to their positions and their ranks. For better visualization, the names of the departments or concrete persons are put in boxes or circles. With the help of usual direct lines it is possible to show the relations between departments and positions.Some of the reasons, why creating of the organization is important were already mentioned. Still it is necessary to list all of them.   There are usually a lot of people working at any company, all of them performing certain concrete activities in relation to their position, their educational basis and their work experience. Organization in this case could guarantee t hat each worker is performing the appropriate function. At the same time it is really important not only for individual workers, but also for all departments to perform their functions in the most coordinated system, balancing correctly all the resources and energy. Organization also contributes to better division of the work between workers and their managers and top managers, as it is always important to delegate the routine duties to the workers, leaving the top managers to solve more sophisticated problems. Proper organization provides the chances for all workers and managers, at all levels, to increase their creativity and continue their self- development and self- realization, which is really important for quicker and more productive performance of each individual worker as well as the company in general. â€Å"Effective administration of business will not be possible without the support of sound organization structure. Delegation, departmentation and decentralization are the tools for effective administration† (Robbins and Judge, 2007: 72). Only under the condition, that every worker is fully aware of his responsibility, it is possible to seize control over the work done and have it performed in the best possible way. Organization is one of the tools, which could be used by the manager to describe the level of responsibility to each worker and be sure, that they have absolute understanding of it.In case there are various technologies and equipment involved into the operating process of the company, there is a need to keep them in constant order and under constant control. So, organization helps to create the scheme of proper maintenance and installation process for the necessary equipment.It was already mentioned above, that there are several types of organizations, the main are: line, functional, line and staff organization structure. Line organization is sometimes referred to as military/scalar organization and is considered to be one of the fi rst and thus the simplest form of organization. Its second name, related to army is explained by the fact, that for the first time it appeared during the times, when the Roman army was formed, and afterwards it was used by other armies in various countries. Some time later, when the first factories started to appear in England, this form of organization was also used by the owners. The structure of the line organization is rather simple, because the authority is moving from the top level to the low levels step by step. Sometimes this form is called vertical organization because of this feature. The top management is responsible for taking all important decisions and for giving the corresponding orders to the general managers, whose task is to pass them to the executive departments of the company. The responsibility in such organization form is moving from the lowest level to the top management. This type of organization is rather old, however due to its advantages is still in use no wadays. First of all it is simple and easy to understand by all workers, both by managers and their subordinates and causes no questions related to authority. The process of decision – making is simple at all levels. Discipline is also supported by this type of organization, because it is absolutely clear, how the system of authority is built. Line type of organization provides all chances for further development to talented and experienced workers.Another type of organization is functional, suggested by the founder of scientific management – F.W. Tailor. â€Å"According to him, it is unscientific to overload a foramen with the entire responsibility of running a department† (Robbins and Judge, 2007: 74). In his organization he involved eight foremen, who would bear the responsibility for directing and controlling of the work process. Other workers are to follow all the instructions, given by the foremen. Taylor suggested dividing the management in accordance to concrete specialization. For example there is sales’ manager and sales department in his subordination, this means, that each manager and his department are working within the limits of his area of authority and responsibility. Nowadays a lot of big companies and production enterprises are applying exactly this type of organization, because it allows putting the narrow specialists to the proper positions, guaranteeing the best efficiency of their work fulfilled.   At the same time, each of the eight managers is responsible for his concrete sphere of work and this provides all possibilities to him to concentrate better on the concrete tasks and problems.The line and organization structure is based on the principle that â€Å"line executives and staff (specialists) are combined together. The line executives are doers whereas staff refers to experts and act as thinkers† (Miles and Snow, 1992: 29). Execution of the plans and policies of the company in this organization s tructure is the task of the line executives. All the research activities belong to the spheres of staff workers’ responsibility. Staff specialists are regarded â€Å"thinkers† and the line executives – â€Å"the ones who execute† their plans. For such organization it is really important to make the concrete border between line and staff workers and their functions and be sure, that these functions are evident to both groups, otherwise, instead of mutually efficient cooperation there will be conflicts and standstills. It is important to make all the workers realize, that staff and line functions are absolutely different, at the same time mutually supportive and only proper fulfillment of both could guarantee the successful work of the company in general.All types of organization usually are supported by the organization charts. George Terry defined the organization chart as â€Å"a diagrammatical form which shows important aspects of an Organization, incl uding the major functions and their respective relationships, the channels of supervision and the relative authority of each employee who is in-charge of each respective function (Miles and Snow, 1992: 32). Thus in other words, the organizational chart is the diagrammatical presentation of the formal structure of the organization. It is possible to trace of the lines of authority and communication channels with the help of it, as well as receive the clear understanding of the supervision among various company departments and units. There are three types of organization charts: vertical, horizontal, departmental and circular charts. Vertical chart is one of the most popular ones, it represents the highest jobs on the top and step by step goes down to the other jobs. The lines of authority and lines of communication contribute to better understanding of the way, how these jobs coexist with each other. Horizontal chart – is the representation of the organizational structure in t he form of pyramid. (Miles and Snow, 1992: 35). Circular chart presents the top management in the center of a circle, whereas other levels are placed in concentric circles. Finally the departmental chart is created for one concrete department, defining the authority levels and the responsibilities within this department only.The organization charts play important role for operating of any company, because they provide the understanding by all managers of the positions of authorities and relationships within the organization structure. Organization charts also contribute to better contribution of the tasks and responsibilities between workers of the company, avoiding doing double work and overlapping of the functions. The availability of the manpower and other resources could be clearly understood with the help of the organization chart. In cases, when some mistakes are made, it also contributes to understanding of the reasons for these mistakes as well as helps to work out the furth er plan to avoid them in the future.Overall, this paper presents a brief explanation of the notions of organizational structure and organization chart; there is a list of reasons explored, explaining, why application of the organizational structure is so important for proper functioning of any company and organization. The main types of the organizational structure were discussed in relation to the better work organization within each concrete company, depending on the number of workers, number of departments, fields of production or operating and so on. Further the definition along with short description of the notion â€Å"organization chart† is provided, discussing in detail the types of the organization charts and their characteristics.

Louisa May Alcott the Little Women

Louisa May Alcott the Little Women Free Online Research Papers The book the Little Women by Louisa May Alcott, was based on the life of her and her family. Her family was trying to overcome the terrible things that had happened because of the war. Alcott wrote this book to inspire women, to let them know that things will get better, and that women can overcome. The main character Jo was a lot like Alcott. She wasn’t interested in the girly things she wanted nothing more than to be like a boy and to be a writer. There were four main characters, all sisters who lived together with their mother. Meg, the oldest, is wise and very concerned with class and the styles of the times. Beth is a kind gentle soul who is always contented with what she has. Amy, the youngest, is very conceited. She is always concerned with her looks and who she will marry. Jo was the least like any of her sisters, she longed to be a boy and not have to worry about such petty things as her hair and what she was wearing. Jo seemed to stand out among her sisters. She is more worried about how her family will get along with out their father than a dress she may have to wear. In the 1800’s their was a stereotype about women. The traditional view of women in society was to stay at home, clean, raise children, and to help with the family farm. Jo was a women and she needed to follow this stereotype. But Jo refused. She wanted to be like a man. She wanted to do the more manly things such as work and take care of the family as her father would have. Its bad enough to be a girl, anyways, when I like boy’s games and work and manners! I cant get over the disappointment in not being a boy.. (p. 948) . Jo was like Alcott. Alcott had to make money to help support her family because her father also wasn’t around a lot. Jo tried to take on as many chores and duties as she could so to help out her mother. She even taught her little sister Amy when she needed to be home schooled. Also like Alcott’s family their fathers taught them so much. They were taught to be who they wanted to be even if it was different from any one else. I believe this is what gave Jo as well as Alcott the idea to be writers. To be the one to help hold the family together and to try to be more like men. This is what the family needed the most. And because their fathers told them to be what and who they wanted to be, they most likely wanted to be more like him. Jo felt that she was now the man of the house. Im the man of the family now papa is away†¦for he told me to take special care of mother while he was gone. (p. 949) She felt this is what her father wanted. She felt she needed to play this role in order for her family to be happy and to get along with out their father. During this time women didn’t have any where near as many rights as men if even any at all. Women were to be at home caring for the children and cleaning. Jo didn’t want anything to do with that. She wanted to write stories and be more like the average man. She wanted to share her ideas and dreams with others through her writing. She knew she would one day make a difference in the world of women, she felt she would become one of the best women writers ever. Jo didn’t think about marriage like her sisters did. She didn’t want a man holding her back or telling her what to do. She wanted to be free. Her sisters were constantly worrying about their looks, and their clothes. Meg always wanted nothing more than to be beautiful but she felt that she couldn‘t because they weren‘t rich, â€Å"It’s so dreadful to be poor!† (p.335) She wanted the extravagant things that rich people had. But Jo she just wanted to make sure her family had what they needed. Jo even convinced the family to give their Christmas dinner to the poor family down the street. She felt they needed more than her and her sisters did. Most writers write stories about their own lives even if they don’t mean to. This is a story that Alcott chose to write. She wanted to show that families can live the best of lives then fall onto hard times. But they can always try to get out of it. She wanted girls to see that their lives can get better. They can strive to be whatever they want. Even if its to be more of a boy than a woman. I believe this book was mostly about Alcott, and Jo. They are so similar. But it mostly tells how Jo took on the role of the man to make her family get through the tough times of war, until their father returned. . Research Papers on Louisa May Alcott the "Little Women"Personal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Fifth Horseman19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoWhere Wild and West MeetThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

Reinforcement in Applied Behavior Analysis

Reinforcement in Applied Behavior Analysis Reinforcement can mean lots of things to different people. In the science of Applied Behavior Analysis, it has a very specific and narrow definition. That it is narrowly defined by its function does not narrow the range of possibilities: it can be money, smiles, warm water or an infinite number of things. Reinforcement and ABA Reinforcement is any stimulus (something that a sensory organ can experience) that will increase the likelihood of a behavior reappearing. Can a high pitched noise be a reinforcer? Yes, if the organism finds it pleasurable. Can a punch in the face lead to reinforcement? Yes, if it eliminates some of the throbbing pain of a toothache. A practitioner of Applied Behavior Analysis will seek out the function of a behavior by questioning how a consequence of the behavior creates reinforcement for the client/patient/student. Reinforcement on a Continuum Reinforcement happens along a continuum from primary reinforcement ( food, water, other physical reinforcers ) to social reinforcers, such as social attention, praise or recognition. Many children with disabilities do not respond to secondary or social reinforcers since they dont actually function to provide reinforcement. A child who has spent money will find a quarter reinforcing whereas a child with severe autism or cognitive disabilities will not find a quarter reinforcing. Typical children and most adults generally respond to secondary and social reinforcement. We work long hours for monetary amounts that are deposited electrically into bank accounts we access online or with a credit card. The goal of ABA is to move children along the continuum to secondary reinforcers, so that they, too, will work for a paycheck and learn to make choices about how they use the result of their own labor. For many children with disabilities, that needs to be taught, and it is often learned by pairing primary reinforcers with social or secondary reinforcers. Choosing Reinforcement Once the replacement or target behavior is defined in an operational way, the ABA practitioner needs to find reinforcers that will drive the students/clients behavior. Children with significant disabilities may need to be reinforced with primary reinforcers, such as favorite foods, but unless this reinforcement is paired with social or secondary reinforcers, it can create an unhealthy and unsustainable reinforcement strategy. Many sensory reinforcers can be successful with children with significant disabilities, such as low functioning autism when you can discover what sort of sensory toy appeals to children. I have used buzzing toys, spinning toys, and even water play successfully as reinforcers with students with significant language and developmental disabilities. Some of these children like to play with musical toys. It is important to create a rich menu of reinforcers, and continuously add items into a childs reinforcement menu. Reinforcement, like all matters of taste, change. Also, students can sometimes become satiated by too much of a single reinforcer, whether its Blues Clues or Reeses Pieces. Often, practitioners will begin with a Reinforcer Assessment which can be done a number of different ways. A successful practitioner will ask parents or caregivers for the childs preferred foods, television shows or characters, activities, and toys. These are often a good place to start. Reinforcers can then be presented in a structured or unstructured way. Sometimes two or three items are placed in front of the child at a time, often pairing preferred items with new items. Sometimes you can present a child with a large number of reinforcers at one time, and eliminate items a child ignores. Reinforcement Schedules Research has evaluated regular reinforcement (on a schedule, from each correct response to every three or four responses) as well as variable reinforcement (within a range, such as every 3 to 5 correct behaviors.) It has shown that variable reinforcement is the most powerful. When a child/client discovers that they are reinforced for every third correct response, they rush to the third response. When they dont know exactly when they will be reinforced, they tend to have stronger responses, tend to generalize across environments and tend to retain the new behavior. The ratio is important: too high a ratio too early may not help the subject learn the target behavior, too low a ration may lead to reinforcement dependence. As a child/subject learns the target behavior, the practitioner can thin the reinforcement schedule, increasing the ratio, and spreading out the reinforcement over more correct responses. Discrete Trial Teaching Discrete Trial Training or Teaching (more acceptable now) is the principal delivery method for instruction in ABA, though ABA is increasingly employing more naturalistic methods, such as modeling and role-playing. Still, each trial is a three-step process: Instruction, Response, and Feedback. The reinforcement happens during the feedback part of the trial. During feedback, you want to name the target behavior ¸ and in initial trials, you want to begin with a one to one reinforcement schedule. You will reinforce every correct response in a one to one schedule, so your student understands that he/she gets the goodies every time they give you the behavior you want. Success in Reinforcement The most successful reinforcement is when a child/client begins to reinforce themselves. That is the intrinsic reinforcement that some of us receive for doing the things that we value or enjoy the most. But lets face it. None of us would go to work without the paycheck, though many of us accept a lower paycheck (as lowly teachers) because we do love what we do. Success, for many students with disabilities, is to learn to find social interaction, praise and appropriate social interaction as reinforcers, so that they acquire age-appropriate social skills and function. Our hope is that our students will gain the level of social and cognitive function that will give them full and meaningful lives. Appropriate reinforcement will help them achieve that.

Health and Wellness Resorts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Health and Wellness Resorts - Research Paper Example At the same time, it has been ascertained that health and wellness resorts are engaged in standardizing and globalizing the products and services. Nonetheless, it has been observed that health and wellness resorts are also burdened with increasing management and operational issues arising from declining quality and increasing competition. Furthermore, health and wellness resorts as mentioned above are in the early stage of development thus there is a relatively less literature regarding it. Consequently, there is a greater scope for future research to be conducted in order to derive valuable insights about the health and wellness resorts. Introduction Over the last few years, businesses have started using the word wellness for describing both physical and emotional meaning. More specifically, the word ‘wellness’ is extensively used in the service industry particularly in the context of luxurious hotels. At the same time, travelling for the purpose of health is not a new concept. However, it can be firmly admitted that the term ‘health tourism’ is relatively a new concept in the market positioning strategy of hotel and resorts. Broadly speaking, health and wellness tourism is defined as products or services that are made accessible to people travelling from their places or residences for health reasons (Caribbean Export Development Agency, 2009). The primary focus of the health and wellness resort involves imparting good health and general wellness of people. It entails a wide variety of treatments and services. For instance, Canyon Ranch one of the leading healthy living and luxury spa vacations comprising resorts, a beachfront hotel and destination spa amenities both on land as well as on sea is determined towards expanding the concept of health resort by initiating comprehensive approach regarding health and wellness of people. The evolution of health and wellness tourism is a result of continuous effort of service industry to attrac t new and potential customers through promotion and campaigns of health services. It can be argued that in the recent times the health and wellness tourism has gained tremendous popularity amid the global tourism industry as it does not depend on the factors such as seasonality. In other words, the health and wellness tourism has increased the ability of service industry to generate favorable income even during the off-seasons. Notably, the health and wellness sector within the context of Canada has also accorded radical growth. Health tourism across the globe including Canada can be identified to hold a greater opportunity for the service industry to boast its revenue and acquire loyal customers. Furthermore, the demand for health and wellness resort is constantly increasing (Siriphannapirat et al., 2013). Correspondingly, this research study intends to review the relevant development, management and operation issues pertaining to health and wellness resorts along with making relev ant recommendations regarding future research scope. Literature Review Wellness Tourism Mueller & Kaufmann (2001) postulate wellness tourism to be the sub-category of health tourism (Mueller &Kaufmann, 2001). Didascalou & et al. (2009) argue that there is no single definition of wellness or wellness tourism. It has been stated that the development of wellness tourism is actually embedded to ancient form of tourism (Didascalou & et al., 2009). Boulay et al. (2013) argue that wellness tourism

Motivating and Retaining Employees Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Motivating and Retaining Employees - Essay Example One problem that may be identified with the Company is the need for the human resource department to design and implement measures to promote retention of these valuable employees. Since the Company attracts highly skilled and capable employees, the same employees will also be valued by the rival, competitor firms and McKinsey and Company must take steps to ensure that employees feel valued and appreciated, so that the Company is able to retain them rather than losing them to competitor firms. This Paper will identify measures that have been found to be successful in attracting and retaining good employees so that the Company can retain a good competitive advantage in the market. It will assess the relative benefits of monetary rewards as compared to intrinsic rewards such as recognition and which policy may better serve the company in promoting retention of the best employees. Several companies have successfully achieved a competitive advantage through the restructuring of their human resource management systems to provide financial benefits to employees, as pointed out by Schuler and Macmillan (1984). In the Bairnco Corporation, bonuses were linked to performance for top-level executives and the company was able to almost double its sales from $270 million to $442 million in the short span of two years. In the case of Lincoln Electric, workers receive a share in the profits, which imbues workers with a high motivation to produce. When employees are offered profit sharing and incentives, it may help to enhance their performance and increase retention. Oller (2002) discusses how employees at various design and printing firms are rewarded for jobs well done with monetary benefits, such as gift cash vouchers, free lunches or contributions for educational purposes. Such reward and recognition for work done well functions as a strong motivation for employees and helps them.

Information Security Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10500 words

Information Security Master - Essay Example IT security policies in the private sector are also reviewed. In part II (3.0 -- 3.7) we shall focus attention on plans and efforts to implement the Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA) by the computer security division of NIST. NIST has created what it describes as the "FISMA Implementation Project" which NIST has broken down into three phases. Phase I discusses security standards and Guidelines, Phase II delves into organizational accreditation program while phase III is called the Security Tool Validation Program. We review too Department of Defense (DoD) security certification and accreditation (DITSCAP) program. We take a look too at funding sources for implementing FISMA and how the private sectors are reacting to FISMA. Part III of this thesis (4.0 - 5.0) takes a deep look at the impact of FISMA in federal government agencies and departments and compliance efforts. We examine a few case studies and then move on to look at the private sector compliance initiatives, including software produced by the private sector software industry to help government agencies and departments achieve compliance easily We link how the various policies, circulars and presidential executive orders shaped management of information and information systems in the federal government. Our methodology is to link how the various policies, circulars and presidential executive orders shaped management of information and information systems in the federal government. We analyze the US Government Accounting Office (GAO, 2006) report and the House 'FISMA Report Card' (Federal Computer Security Grades: 2001 -2005) In the Thesis conclusion we show that FISMA has infact reduced the risk, albeit slowly, to information security in Federal

Industry Analysis - Application to the Oil Industry Case Study

Industry Analysis - Application to the Oil Industry - Case Study Example Suppliers play an imperative role in the success of any business. As such, a supplier may affect the profitability of a company either positively, by boosting it or negatively, by reducing it. This is what forms the power of suppliers. A supplier has powers to determine the profitability of a company, and in the case of the oil industry, the suppliers of BP can either assist it to become more prosperous and productive or to lose their market and make losses. This stems from the fact that suppliers agree to supply their products to the company at a certain given market price. If they increase the price at which they sell their products to the company, this will reduce the profit margin of BP, and the lack of alternative suppliers, as well as the strong power of the suppliers will bring the profitability of the company down. On the other hand, these suppliers can equally boost the profitability of the company by supplying it with product at a low cost, thereby increasing the companyâ⠂¬â„¢s profit margin and hence boost its profit levels. As such, it is imperative for BP to make the right choices of suppliers in order to secure a significant profit margin. BP sells its products to a wide range of customers. These people bring profit to it by purchasing its petroleum products. Its major customers include airline companies, governments, as well as ordinary motorists and companies. The bargaining power of these buyers is not as strong enough as to influence the selling price as set by BP. BP has sales points in many regions across the world, bearing the fact that it is a global multinational, and it has control over its buyers in almost all of its markets. It is only in some minor occasions where the governments within the markets in which it operates step in to regulate the fuel prices in the country generally, thereby also setting the price limits for the petroleum products sold by BP. However, this only strengthens the bargaining power of these customers to a considerable level, not strong enough to affect the profitability of the company

Women in leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Women in leadership - Essay Example They have understood their voices in a better manner than the male fraternity. Women in leadership have instilled confidence within the people for which they are leaders in the first place. Leadership is all about influencing other people in the organization to accomplish a task. It involves directing an organization in that it becomes more coherent and cohesive. Leadership style can therefore be defined as the approach for providing direction. It includes motivation within its reigns as well. There are various leadership styles that exist in management. They include authoritarian or autocratic, participative or democratic, delegative or free reign leadership. Lately business offices have been filled by women who were reckoned by the authorities as being less efficient as compared to their male counterparts a few years back. This has changed for the better and more and more companies in the world of today are recruiting female candidates for suitable positions within their staff. Apart from this positive change in mindset of the companies and businesses, there have been some pretty negative points attached to the same notion moreover. Women have started to get recruite d in big numbers and one should believe that this is a major aspect that must be appreciated endlessly. More so, the women have been appointed as leaders within the business enterprises and have been given leadership roles which were not acceptable in the past. Responsibility has made them stronger and their decisions have been different to the ones made by men. (Atkinson, 1997) Companies must encourage women to assume leadership roles so that there could be better interaction within the internal publics of the organization and people collaborate with each other as well as bolster the selection of deserving (on merit-basis) women. It would make all of them in their own peculiar areas of output to give their very best and eventually produce the required results

The Cost of War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Cost of War - Essay Example As an economic student, the cost of war does not end in the battlefield but it also affects those who are not involved with the war. The question here is the cost of war and who bear the cost. Is it America, the jihadists or the world? This perspective will enable you to explore the issue from an economist point of view. Global economy is indicated by various parameters. Such parameters are the only tool that we can use to determine the cost of war. Jim: I think Sam is heading in the right direction since the issue of cost of war should be linked with the question of who bears the cost. It is unfortunate that since the end of World War II, most wars have been between America and the so called the Arab world. The Asian continent or the Arab world plays a big role in the world’s economy. Nearly 50% of the global oil comes from the Arabian countries particularly Iran, Iraq, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia that. These countries have either been involved or affected by the war. This proves why global oil prices escalate whenever there is a conflict involving the Arab world and the Western League. Inflated oil prices increases the cost of production since oil is used in various stages of production such as manufacturing and transportation. High oil prices are reflected in consumer products as increase in retail prices. I consider this to be the actual cost of war† Peter: â€Å"your argument is correct however, you are more biased to answering the question of who bear the cost of war instead of the cost of war. Wars happen in reality and therefore analysis needs a realistic focus. The cost of war is the immediate impacts of war that changes the financial status of the parties involved in war. In this case the cost of war will be evaluated from the cost of damages resulting from a conflict and the cost of maintaining combatants in the battlefield or maintaining a frontline†. Simon: â€Å"I think the issue is

Women in leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Women in leadership - Essay Example They have understood their voices in a better manner than the male fraternity. Women in leadership have instilled confidence within the people for which they are leaders in the first place. Leadership is all about influencing other people in the organization to accomplish a task. It involves directing an organization in that it becomes more coherent and cohesive. Leadership style can therefore be defined as the approach for providing direction. It includes motivation within its reigns as well. There are various leadership styles that exist in management. They include authoritarian or autocratic, participative or democratic, delegative or free reign leadership. Lately business offices have been filled by women who were reckoned by the authorities as being less efficient as compared to their male counterparts a few years back. This has changed for the better and more and more companies in the world of today are recruiting female candidates for suitable positions within their staff. Apart from this positive change in mindset of the companies and businesses, there have been some pretty negative points attached to the same notion moreover. Women have started to get recruite d in big numbers and one should believe that this is a major aspect that must be appreciated endlessly. More so, the women have been appointed as leaders within the business enterprises and have been given leadership roles which were not acceptable in the past. Responsibility has made them stronger and their decisions have been different to the ones made by men. (Atkinson, 1997) Companies must encourage women to assume leadership roles so that there could be better interaction within the internal publics of the organization and people collaborate with each other as well as bolster the selection of deserving (on merit-basis) women. It would make all of them in their own peculiar areas of output to give their very best and eventually produce the required results

Research database -fall incident Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research database -fall incident - Essay Example The falls also arise from the excessive use of psychoactive drug use and dementia. The abnormalities have resulted in the fall risks for a long time. However, the nursing role has helped in the cushioning of the vulnerable population against the fall incidences. The source is relevant to the subject of concern because it highlights the nursing care ensures that the impact of the fall is not severe and is attended to, in good time. The research studies on the proximate cause of the majority of the fall incidents reveals that the near the bed transfers account for most of the fall cases. According to Houser (2012), the nurses are advised to be careful during the transferring and mobilizing of the patients especially around the risky areas like the bed unit. A balance approach entails the creation of awareness of every person involved in the handling of the patients. The patient and family education immensely contributes to the reduction in the fall incidences. Post-fall management of the nursing department is also crucial because it helps in the recuperation process of the victims of the fall occurrences. Consequently, there is reduction j the injury cases with regard to the falls. According to Iyer and Aiken (2009), immediate response to the falls is important given that it saves lives. When a fall incident has occurred, the evaluation and monitoring of the victim is crucial. The evaluation includes the evaluation of the entire victim’s systems. Additionally, there should be a comprehensive description of the injuries. After the evaluation exercise is over, treatment of the victim follows. The process ensures that the real cause of the fall is established in order to take precautions in later undertakings. Additionally, there is a need for the nurse to carry out a complete falls assessment. The strategy helps in the overall analysis of the fall risks in the area. According to Haag-Heitman and George (2011), fall

Amy Tan, Two Kinds Essay Example for Free

Amy Tan, Two Kinds Essay This storys main events take place in Chinatown throughout the 1950s and perhaps early 1960s. The main character of the story, who is also the protagonist, is the author herself: Amy Tan. The antagonist happens to be her own mother, who is always pushing Amy to discover some hidden talent and be someone she is not. There are a few other minor characters in the story. There is Lindo Jong (who she calls Auntie Lindo), who is a close friend of Amys mother. Waverly Jong is Auntie Lindos daughter, who is close to Amys age. Amys piano instructor, who she calls Old Chong, plays a small role in the story. Amys dad is included in the text, but does not play much of a role. In Two Kinds, the exposition is clear in the first couple of pages. The story begins by explaining that Amys family moved to America when she was a baby, in 1949. Her mother is clear in her goals: she wants Amy to be a child prodigy (a person with exceptional talent) and famous. Although in the beginning Amy seems accepting of her mothers goal, there are some undertones which are clear to the reader that her mother may go too far. Symbolism in literature might include visual or sound elements as well as language. Amys piano was the main symbol of this story. In the end of the story, the fact that she had it tuned and actually sat down to play shows us that she really cared about her mother-and the piano-after all. The songs that she plays at the end are also a symbol of the story, itself. She mentions playing two songs. The first is titled Pleading Child, and the second one: Perfectly Contented. These are songs that she had played when she was a child. She notices for the first time, after all of these years, that these two songs are actually two halves to the same song. The song represents Amys life. This is how the story ends. We get a pretty good idea of what Amys story is about and the theme behind it. She regrets not trying her best, and the way she has taken her mother for granted in her life. A strong message like this makes us reflect on our own lives and relationships with the ones we love. Amy constructs the story in a way that makes the plot flow, and we are interested in what will happen to her next. Some of us may even feel like she is too hard on the protagonist-her mother. The ending resolves these feelings, because we discover she feels this, too.

Can Experts Disagree on the Same Facts?

Can Experts Disagree on the Same Facts? Prescribed Title 5: Given access to the same facts, how is it possible that there can be disagreement between experts in a discipline? Develop your answer with reference to two areas of knowledge. For centuries scientists and historians alike have debated topics within their field of study. Whether it be the structure of an atom or the cause of the fall of the Roman Empire, experts in these fields often disagree despite having access to the same exact facts and information. These separate interpretations of data leads to the question of how it is possible that the same facts do not always point to the same general truths. Although experts in the fields of science and history have access to the same facts, the experts who analyze and interpret these facts are human beings, whose thoughts are impacted by the different cultures, experiences, and perspectives in which they were raised. One important question that needs to be raised is what makes someone an expert? Better yet, what is a fact? An expert is someone who has an extensive background in a certain subject and is recognized by others as having a comprehensive understanding of a specific topic. This means that they have a great understanding of the subject matter of which they are an expert, and others can attest to this proficiency. Facts are known truths that are commonly accepted and verifiable. A fact must be verifiable in order to be legitimate. Understanding these terms allows us to truly understand the nature of historians and scientists and their interpretations of information. One of the most important, yet most debatable, tasks that a historian must complete is weighing evidence after reviewing historical facts. Historians make decisions based on many different pieces of evidence. They decide how important each piece of evidence is to the way that history played out. This brings up the question of the extent to which the weighing of evidence by historians in relation to events in history is subjective or objective. The weighing of evidence tends to be subjective simply because of the often multiple different causes of certain events in history. This can be seen in the analysis of almost every historical event in recorded history, but especially in the analysis of the cause of World War II. Many different factors played into the cause of World War II. Between the economic sanctions imposed by countries such as the United States and Great Britain, political tension between the major powers, or expansionist foreign policies of Italy, Germany, and Japan, no single cause can be seen as the only one to start to war (History.com staff). However, deciding which cause had the greatest impact on war is what historians debate over and weigh evidence over, yet they often come to separate conclusions. The different cultures, experiences, and perspectives of the historians leads to their different interpretations and evaluations of evidence in history. Although these experts analyze the same data, the lenses through which they view the evidence are different. Historians do their best to analyze facts and their impact on history with total objectivity, yet the nature of the weighing of evidence is very subjective. Historians have to use their own personal values and emotions, based on their own personal culture and experiences, in order to evaluate evidence and make decisions based on these evaluations. This also brings up the question of the extent to which the upbringings of a historian has an impact on their analysis of historical facts. All historians grow up in unique situations and so their view on the world and the way humans interact with each other is slightly different. Furthermore, their opinions on the interactions of foreign powers can often be impacted by their nationalities and the education they received. This personal opinion is most prominently seen with debate over differing political ideologies and their impact on foreign nations. I saw this debate first hand in my history class. The topic of the discussion was Cuba and the rise of Castro as a communist dictator. As the child of a Cuban exile, I have heard anecdotes from people who lived and suffered under the dictatorship of Fidel Castro. My family has seen the thousands of people who were killed under his command and the conditions of the Cuban people because of his policies. Undoubtedly, because of my personal upbringings, I am biased against Castro and communism in general. This extremely negative experience with communism has swayed my opinion about the political ideology to a great extent. However, in class, my history teacher argued that Fidel Castro had a great, positive impact on Cuba and the Cuban people. My teacher claimed that Castro reduced the unemployment rate and generally improved the average living conditions of the Cuban people. Just like historians, both my teacher and I were analyzing the same facts about the same country, yet were drawing drastically different conclusions. We were weighing evidence based on our own personal cultures and beliefs and drawing conclusions about the general nature of the regime. This personal example gives insight to the debates that historians go through in order to come to conclusions about events or topics in history. Historians attempt to decipher data in an objective way, yet the weighing of evidence is subjective and easily influenced by the culture of the historian. In this way, historians rarely come to the same conclusions based on the same facts simply because each individual historian is weighing evidence based on their own unique personal experiences. These experiences and aspects of their culture give each historian a predisposed idea about topics in history that causes them to evaluate events in history in different ways. In the field of science, the different types of data often leads to disagreement and separate conclusions based on this data. In science, the two main types of data are quantitative and qualitative; quantitative data being data that can be measured in numbers while qualitative data being data that can be observed and described. Quantitative data tends to not only be more precise, but also easier to reproduce. On the other hand, qualitative data is measured based on the scientists interpretations of a certain quality within an experiment. For example, when performing titrations, scientists often use color indicators to show when the titration is complete. However, they must decide for their own when the color has changed sufficiently for the titration to be considered complete. This leads to a large amount of room for error. This same experiment can be performed around the world several times by experts in the field of science yet they may all come to different conclusions about the d ata. This imprecision of this data leads to the question of the extent to which the preconceived ideas of scientists affects the way they interpret data. Often times in science, data is either difficult to describe, as in the exact color of a solution when a titration is complete, or in instances where an experiment cannot be conducted in order to test a theory. For example, String Theory was proposed by scientists years ago and many scientists continue to support it today. In the words of Richard Dawid, On one side of the divide stand most of those physicists who work on string physics and in fields like inflationary cosmology or high energy particle physics model building, which are strongly influenced by string physics. Yet, many other experts disagree and refuse to support the theory. They, consider string theory a vastly overrated speculation, and without being able to conduct an experiment to prove the theory, it is not valid. They refuse to consider the evidence proposed by scienti sts who support the theory simply based on this single idea. The nature of a scientists research can help explain why many scientists can come to different conclusions when analyzing the same data. When a scientist sets out to conduct an experiment, they often have a goal in mind. Whether they are trying to prove a theory correct or make a new discovery, scientists often have preconceived ideas about the topic of which their experiment is concerned. In other cases, scientists are being supported financially by investors who are looking for the scientists to come to certain conclusions, especially in relation to medicines where investors are looking to create a new drug in order to make a profit. Because of this, scientists often have biases when conducting experiments. This leads to them analyzing data in a way that will support their goals. They will often disregard or assign insignificant value data that contradicts the claim they are trying to support. This is generally the source of disagreement between scientists when analyzing the same d ata. Every day, historians and scientists alike are analyzing undisputable facts. They look at these facts and come to completely separate conclusions. As human beings, we all are subject to interpreting facts through the subjective lenses of our cultures and personal experiences. Although experts in both the fields of history and science may try to be objective as possible, certain elements of research in these fields require subjective analysis that can vary from expert to expert. This gives way to differing conclusions among experts in the fields of science and history and, in general, disagreements between experts in a certain field despite having access to the same facts. Works Cited Dawid, Richard. String Theory and the Scientific Method. Cambridge: Cambridge U, 2015. Print. History.com Staff. World War II History. History.com. AE Television Networks, 2009. Web. 15 Feb. 2017. .

The Power of Language :: Communication Metaphorical Metaphors Essays

The Power of Language Metaphors are not only a powerful way of allowing people to visualize a message that a person is trying to convey, but they are also a creative way of putting things that we see or think about every day into a new light. Speaking metaphorically isn't always very effortless and it certainly isn't easy for the listener to make the connection between what you are describing symbolically and what you are actually saying. Many writers use metaphors because they are a unique and creative way to express common ideas and they can also be very fun. Metaphors can be positive or negative depending upon which way the author would like to go. In the articles on Science, we certainly were able to see several different metaphors used for various reasons. Particularly in the article, "The Body at War: Media Views of the Immune System" by Emily Martin we saw Martin draw a unique parallel between our bodies, (predominantly our immune systems), and larger issues concerning race, class and gender. This, like many metaphorical comparisons, might seem like an unlikely possibility for a connection, but once she begins to explain why she feels that the media's representation of our immune system is so closely related to other social issues we are forced to take a second look. The way in which Martin makes her comparisons, with her unique word choice and style, comes across as quite a powerful and convincing theory. Mary Shelly also touched on some metaphorical language in her excerpt from her novel "Frankenstein." Although the power of language here is much more subtle there is clearly comparisons being made of what we would usually assume were completely unrelated topics. Shelly does a superb job of delicately interweaving metaphors about the power of human nature and the almost insatiable pursuit of knowledge that really call for the reader's earnest attention to the detail of her writing. In Martin's article we see how she gradually begins to set up her comparison of differing anti-bodies that are present in our bodies to gender, class and race roles present in our society. Martin describes media representations of such things as AIDS awareness and immune system function short films as presenting parts of our body at war with the bacteria and disease that is constantly trying to invade our bodies. Our "self" is clearly the good guy and anything that tries to permeate our bodies without our body's direct consent is considered to be the bad guys.